Impact of Sea Surface Temperature on City Temperature near Warm and Cold Ocean Currents in Summer Season for Northern Hemisphere
This study examined the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) on urban temperature across four cities located in three different countries (United States of America, Japan, and Morocco), all at nearly the same latitude, focusing on the summer season over the period from 2003 to 2020, because previ...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Muhammad Farhan Ul Moazzam Byung Gul Lee Sanghyun Kim |
| author_facet | Muhammad Farhan Ul Moazzam Byung Gul Lee Sanghyun Kim |
| author_sort | Muhammad Farhan Ul Moazzam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study examined the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) on urban temperature across four cities located in three different countries (United States of America, Japan, and Morocco), all at nearly the same latitude, focusing on the summer season over the period from 2003 to 2020, because previously no one attempted to analyze the impact of SST on land surface temperature (LST). Data were acquired from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for LST and SST to evaluate the correlation between urban temperature and SST, the trends over time, and the relationship between urban areas and LST. The novelty of this study lies in its being the first to investigate the impact of SST on urban temperature based on a city’s proximity to warm and cold ocean currents. The findings revealed a positive correlation between LST and SST across all cities analyzed in this study (San Francisco, Tangier, Tokyo, and Atlantic City), and in some instances a significant positive relationship was observed at a 95% confidence level, but still the significance is in the range of weak to moderate. Specifically, the study found that during both daytime and nighttime, Tangier exhibited a decreasing trend in LST (99% confidence level) and SST. On the contrary, San Francisco displayed an increasing trend in both LST and SST during the daytime, but at nighttime, while SST continued to rise, LST showed a decreasing trend. Further analysis differentiated cities influenced by warm ocean currents (Tokyo and Atlantic City) from those affected by cold currents (San Francisco and Tangier). In Tokyo, influenced by a warm ocean current, there was a decreasing trend in LST despite increased SST. Conversely, Atlantic City, also influenced by warm ocean currents, showed an increasing trend in both LST and SST during the daytime. At nighttime, both Tokyo and Atlantic City exhibited increasing trends in LST and SST. Additionally, this study explored the correlation between urban areas and LST, finding that cities influenced by warm ocean currents (Tokyo and Atlantic City) showed a positive correlation between urban areas and LST. In contrast, cities influenced by cold ocean currents (San Francisco and Tangier) displayed a negative correlation between urban areas and LST. Overall, this research highlights the complex interplay between SST and urban temperatures, demonstrating how ocean currents and urbanization can influence temperature trends differently in cities at similar latitudes. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-317a8a206556439db7a6d84e87b07af8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj-art-317a8a206556439db7a6d84e87b07af82025-01-24T13:21:51ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332025-01-011615410.3390/atmos16010054Impact of Sea Surface Temperature on City Temperature near Warm and Cold Ocean Currents in Summer Season for Northern HemisphereMuhammad Farhan Ul Moazzam0Byung Gul Lee1Sanghyun Kim2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Ocean Science, Jeju National University, 102, Jejudaehakro, Jeju 63243, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of KoreaThis study examined the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) on urban temperature across four cities located in three different countries (United States of America, Japan, and Morocco), all at nearly the same latitude, focusing on the summer season over the period from 2003 to 2020, because previously no one attempted to analyze the impact of SST on land surface temperature (LST). Data were acquired from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for LST and SST to evaluate the correlation between urban temperature and SST, the trends over time, and the relationship between urban areas and LST. The novelty of this study lies in its being the first to investigate the impact of SST on urban temperature based on a city’s proximity to warm and cold ocean currents. The findings revealed a positive correlation between LST and SST across all cities analyzed in this study (San Francisco, Tangier, Tokyo, and Atlantic City), and in some instances a significant positive relationship was observed at a 95% confidence level, but still the significance is in the range of weak to moderate. Specifically, the study found that during both daytime and nighttime, Tangier exhibited a decreasing trend in LST (99% confidence level) and SST. On the contrary, San Francisco displayed an increasing trend in both LST and SST during the daytime, but at nighttime, while SST continued to rise, LST showed a decreasing trend. Further analysis differentiated cities influenced by warm ocean currents (Tokyo and Atlantic City) from those affected by cold currents (San Francisco and Tangier). In Tokyo, influenced by a warm ocean current, there was a decreasing trend in LST despite increased SST. Conversely, Atlantic City, also influenced by warm ocean currents, showed an increasing trend in both LST and SST during the daytime. At nighttime, both Tokyo and Atlantic City exhibited increasing trends in LST and SST. Additionally, this study explored the correlation between urban areas and LST, finding that cities influenced by warm ocean currents (Tokyo and Atlantic City) showed a positive correlation between urban areas and LST. In contrast, cities influenced by cold ocean currents (San Francisco and Tangier) displayed a negative correlation between urban areas and LST. Overall, this research highlights the complex interplay between SST and urban temperatures, demonstrating how ocean currents and urbanization can influence temperature trends differently in cities at similar latitudes.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/1/54coastal citieswarm ocean currentcold ocean currenturban temperatureurbanization |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Farhan Ul Moazzam Byung Gul Lee Sanghyun Kim Impact of Sea Surface Temperature on City Temperature near Warm and Cold Ocean Currents in Summer Season for Northern Hemisphere Atmosphere coastal cities warm ocean current cold ocean current urban temperature urbanization |
| title | Impact of Sea Surface Temperature on City Temperature near Warm and Cold Ocean Currents in Summer Season for Northern Hemisphere |
| title_full | Impact of Sea Surface Temperature on City Temperature near Warm and Cold Ocean Currents in Summer Season for Northern Hemisphere |
| title_fullStr | Impact of Sea Surface Temperature on City Temperature near Warm and Cold Ocean Currents in Summer Season for Northern Hemisphere |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Sea Surface Temperature on City Temperature near Warm and Cold Ocean Currents in Summer Season for Northern Hemisphere |
| title_short | Impact of Sea Surface Temperature on City Temperature near Warm and Cold Ocean Currents in Summer Season for Northern Hemisphere |
| title_sort | impact of sea surface temperature on city temperature near warm and cold ocean currents in summer season for northern hemisphere |
| topic | coastal cities warm ocean current cold ocean current urban temperature urbanization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/1/54 |
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