Biomarkers as Diagnostic and Prognostic Tools in Cardiac Disorders: A Comprehensive Review
Cardiac disorders, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, and arrhythmias, are marked causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis and effective management of these conditions are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Biomarkers, which are measurable biological indicators,...
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American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Bio-X Research |
| Online Access: | https://spj.science.org/doi/10.34133/jbioxresearch.0030 |
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| author | Rabinarayan Parhi Goutam Kumar Jena Chinam Niranjan Patra Sruti Jammula |
| author_facet | Rabinarayan Parhi Goutam Kumar Jena Chinam Niranjan Patra Sruti Jammula |
| author_sort | Rabinarayan Parhi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cardiac disorders, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, and arrhythmias, are marked causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis and effective management of these conditions are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Biomarkers, which are measurable biological indicators, have emerged as essential tools in the diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification of cardiac diseases. Among the well-established biomarkers, cardiac troponins (cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T) exhibit high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of myocardial infarction, and recent advances have improved early diagnosis and risk evaluation. B-type natriuretic peptide and its precursor N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide play critical roles in the diagnosis and management of heart failure; elevated levels of these factors indicate poor prognosis and can guide therapeutic decision-making. Additionally, C-reactive protein levels have been widely used in cardiovascular risk assessment and show high sensitivity. Emerging biomarkers, such as galectin-3, suppression of tumorigenicity 2, and microRNAs, show promise in enhancing the prediction of heart failure, assessment of myocardial stress, and detection of cardiac conditions in early stages. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of these biomarkers, highlighting their clinical applications and limitations, as well as the integration of these biomarkers with imaging techniques. This review also explores the potential for future research aimed at developing personalized treatment strategies based on biomarker profiles. Biomarkers are becoming increasingly vital in optimizing cardiac care and improving patient outcomes through more targeted and individualized approaches. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3021fe79ec92472c834754922eb7beb9 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2577-3585 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Bio-X Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-3021fe79ec92472c834754922eb7beb92025-01-28T08:00:21ZengAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)Journal of Bio-X Research2577-35852025-01-01810.34133/jbioxresearch.0030Biomarkers as Diagnostic and Prognostic Tools in Cardiac Disorders: A Comprehensive ReviewRabinarayan Parhi0Goutam Kumar Jena1Chinam Niranjan Patra2Sruti Jammula3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Susruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar 788011, India.Department of Pharmaceutics, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010, Odisha, India.Department of Pharmaceutics, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010, Odisha, India.Department of Pharmaceutics, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010, Odisha, India.Cardiac disorders, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, and arrhythmias, are marked causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis and effective management of these conditions are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Biomarkers, which are measurable biological indicators, have emerged as essential tools in the diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification of cardiac diseases. Among the well-established biomarkers, cardiac troponins (cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T) exhibit high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of myocardial infarction, and recent advances have improved early diagnosis and risk evaluation. B-type natriuretic peptide and its precursor N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide play critical roles in the diagnosis and management of heart failure; elevated levels of these factors indicate poor prognosis and can guide therapeutic decision-making. Additionally, C-reactive protein levels have been widely used in cardiovascular risk assessment and show high sensitivity. Emerging biomarkers, such as galectin-3, suppression of tumorigenicity 2, and microRNAs, show promise in enhancing the prediction of heart failure, assessment of myocardial stress, and detection of cardiac conditions in early stages. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of these biomarkers, highlighting their clinical applications and limitations, as well as the integration of these biomarkers with imaging techniques. This review also explores the potential for future research aimed at developing personalized treatment strategies based on biomarker profiles. Biomarkers are becoming increasingly vital in optimizing cardiac care and improving patient outcomes through more targeted and individualized approaches.https://spj.science.org/doi/10.34133/jbioxresearch.0030 |
| spellingShingle | Rabinarayan Parhi Goutam Kumar Jena Chinam Niranjan Patra Sruti Jammula Biomarkers as Diagnostic and Prognostic Tools in Cardiac Disorders: A Comprehensive Review Journal of Bio-X Research |
| title | Biomarkers as Diagnostic and Prognostic Tools in Cardiac Disorders: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_full | Biomarkers as Diagnostic and Prognostic Tools in Cardiac Disorders: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_fullStr | Biomarkers as Diagnostic and Prognostic Tools in Cardiac Disorders: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biomarkers as Diagnostic and Prognostic Tools in Cardiac Disorders: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_short | Biomarkers as Diagnostic and Prognostic Tools in Cardiac Disorders: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_sort | biomarkers as diagnostic and prognostic tools in cardiac disorders a comprehensive review |
| url | https://spj.science.org/doi/10.34133/jbioxresearch.0030 |
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