Revisiting sunspot number as an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) proxy for ionospheric F2 critical frequency
<p>This study reconsiders sunspot number (Sn) as a solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) proxy for modeling the ionospheric F2 layer's critical frequency (foF2) over the period 1960–2023. We compare the performance of Sn with F10.7 and F30 solar radio fluxes, focusing on their ability to model...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Annales Geophysicae |
| Online Access: | https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/43/91/2025/angeo-43-91-2025.pdf |
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| author | B. S. Zossi B. S. Zossi F. D. Medina F. D. Medina T. Duran T. Duran B. F. de Haro Barbas B. F. de Haro Barbas A. G. Elias A. G. Elias |
| author_facet | B. S. Zossi B. S. Zossi F. D. Medina F. D. Medina T. Duran T. Duran B. F. de Haro Barbas B. F. de Haro Barbas A. G. Elias A. G. Elias |
| author_sort | B. S. Zossi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>This study reconsiders sunspot number (Sn) as a solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) proxy for modeling the ionospheric F2 layer's critical frequency (foF2) over the period 1960–2023. We compare the performance of Sn with F10.7 and F30 solar radio fluxes, focusing on their ability to model the Ionospheric Global index (IG). Our results reveal that while F30 has shown a better correlation in recent solar cycles, Sn is the most stable and reliable over the entire dataset, obtaining the highest correlation. In addition, if we remove the saturation effects from considering a maximum value of Sn, the correlation increases, outperforming all other proxies and correctly predicting the long-term trend estimated by general circulation models.</p> |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2fa3f4b22cbc47948e2259abfa700e44 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0992-7689 1432-0576 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Annales Geophysicae |
| spelling | doaj-art-2fa3f4b22cbc47948e2259abfa700e442025-01-22T06:34:45ZengCopernicus PublicationsAnnales Geophysicae0992-76891432-05762025-01-0143919810.5194/angeo-43-91-2025Revisiting sunspot number as an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) proxy for ionospheric F2 critical frequencyB. S. Zossi0B. S. Zossi1F. D. Medina2F. D. Medina3T. Duran4T. Duran5B. F. de Haro Barbas6B. F. de Haro Barbas7A. G. Elias8A. G. Elias9Laboratorio de Ionosfera, Atmosfera Neutra y Magnetosfera (LIANM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología (FACET), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Tucumán, 4000, ArgentinaINFINOA, CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, 4000, ArgentinaLaboratorio de Ionosfera, Atmosfera Neutra y Magnetosfera (LIANM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología (FACET), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Tucumán, 4000, ArgentinaINFINOA, CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, 4000, ArgentinaDepartamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, 8000, ArgentinaInstituto de Física del Sur (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, 8000, ArgentinaLaboratorio de Ionosfera, Atmosfera Neutra y Magnetosfera (LIANM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología (FACET), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Tucumán, 4000, ArgentinaINFINOA, CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, 4000, ArgentinaLaboratorio de Ionosfera, Atmosfera Neutra y Magnetosfera (LIANM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología (FACET), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Tucumán, 4000, ArgentinaINFINOA, CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, 4000, Argentina<p>This study reconsiders sunspot number (Sn) as a solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) proxy for modeling the ionospheric F2 layer's critical frequency (foF2) over the period 1960–2023. We compare the performance of Sn with F10.7 and F30 solar radio fluxes, focusing on their ability to model the Ionospheric Global index (IG). Our results reveal that while F30 has shown a better correlation in recent solar cycles, Sn is the most stable and reliable over the entire dataset, obtaining the highest correlation. In addition, if we remove the saturation effects from considering a maximum value of Sn, the correlation increases, outperforming all other proxies and correctly predicting the long-term trend estimated by general circulation models.</p>https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/43/91/2025/angeo-43-91-2025.pdf |
| spellingShingle | B. S. Zossi B. S. Zossi F. D. Medina F. D. Medina T. Duran T. Duran B. F. de Haro Barbas B. F. de Haro Barbas A. G. Elias A. G. Elias Revisiting sunspot number as an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) proxy for ionospheric F2 critical frequency Annales Geophysicae |
| title | Revisiting sunspot number as an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) proxy for ionospheric F2 critical frequency |
| title_full | Revisiting sunspot number as an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) proxy for ionospheric F2 critical frequency |
| title_fullStr | Revisiting sunspot number as an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) proxy for ionospheric F2 critical frequency |
| title_full_unstemmed | Revisiting sunspot number as an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) proxy for ionospheric F2 critical frequency |
| title_short | Revisiting sunspot number as an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) proxy for ionospheric F2 critical frequency |
| title_sort | revisiting sunspot number as an extreme ultraviolet euv proxy for ionospheric f2 critical frequency |
| url | https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/43/91/2025/angeo-43-91-2025.pdf |
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