Effect of Oral and Vaginal Hormonal Contraceptives on Inflammatory Blood Biomarkers
The use of combined hormonal contraceptives has been reported to increase the level of C-reactive protein (CRP). We assessed the effect of hormonal contraceptive use on inflammatory cytokines including CRP, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, soluble tumor necrosis factor (sTNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2015-01-01
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| Series: | Mediators of Inflammation |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/379501 |
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| author | Afshin A. Divani Xianghua Luo Yvonne H. Datta James D. Flaherty Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari |
| author_facet | Afshin A. Divani Xianghua Luo Yvonne H. Datta James D. Flaherty Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari |
| author_sort | Afshin A. Divani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The use of combined hormonal contraceptives has been reported to increase the level of C-reactive protein (CRP). We assessed the effect of hormonal contraceptive use on inflammatory cytokines including CRP, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, soluble tumor necrosis factor (sTNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble CD40 ligand. We used 79 female subjects (19 to 30 years old) who were combined oral contraceptives users (n=29), combined vaginal contraceptive users (n=20), and nonusers (n=30) with CRP values of ≤1 (n=46) or ≥3 (n=33). Information on medical history, physical activities, and dietary and sleeping habits were collected. Both oral and vaginal contraceptive users had higher levels of CRP (P<0.0001), compared to nonusers. Only oral contraceptive users exhibited elevated sCD40L (P<0.01). When comparing the groups with CRP ≤ 1 and CRP ≥ 3, levels of IL-6 and sTNF-RI were positively correlated with CRP among oral contraceptive users. We did not observe the same elevation for other inflammatory biomarkers for the CRP ≥ 3 group among vaginal contraceptive users. The clear cause of elevation in CRP level due to the use of different hormonal contraceptive formulations and methods is not well understood. Longitudinal studies with larger sample size are required to better assess the true cause of CRP elevation among hormonal contraceptive users. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-243d610465b54e89b865133d85d1bd74 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0962-9351 1466-1861 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2015-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Mediators of Inflammation |
| spelling | doaj-art-243d610465b54e89b865133d85d1bd742025-02-03T01:21:31ZengWileyMediators of Inflammation0962-93511466-18612015-01-01201510.1155/2015/379501379501Effect of Oral and Vaginal Hormonal Contraceptives on Inflammatory Blood BiomarkersAfshin A. Divani0Xianghua Luo1Yvonne H. Datta2James D. Flaherty3Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari4Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USADivision of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USADivision of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USADivision of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USABlood and Marrow Transplantation Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAThe use of combined hormonal contraceptives has been reported to increase the level of C-reactive protein (CRP). We assessed the effect of hormonal contraceptive use on inflammatory cytokines including CRP, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, soluble tumor necrosis factor (sTNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble CD40 ligand. We used 79 female subjects (19 to 30 years old) who were combined oral contraceptives users (n=29), combined vaginal contraceptive users (n=20), and nonusers (n=30) with CRP values of ≤1 (n=46) or ≥3 (n=33). Information on medical history, physical activities, and dietary and sleeping habits were collected. Both oral and vaginal contraceptive users had higher levels of CRP (P<0.0001), compared to nonusers. Only oral contraceptive users exhibited elevated sCD40L (P<0.01). When comparing the groups with CRP ≤ 1 and CRP ≥ 3, levels of IL-6 and sTNF-RI were positively correlated with CRP among oral contraceptive users. We did not observe the same elevation for other inflammatory biomarkers for the CRP ≥ 3 group among vaginal contraceptive users. The clear cause of elevation in CRP level due to the use of different hormonal contraceptive formulations and methods is not well understood. Longitudinal studies with larger sample size are required to better assess the true cause of CRP elevation among hormonal contraceptive users.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/379501 |
| spellingShingle | Afshin A. Divani Xianghua Luo Yvonne H. Datta James D. Flaherty Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari Effect of Oral and Vaginal Hormonal Contraceptives on Inflammatory Blood Biomarkers Mediators of Inflammation |
| title | Effect of Oral and Vaginal Hormonal Contraceptives on Inflammatory Blood Biomarkers |
| title_full | Effect of Oral and Vaginal Hormonal Contraceptives on Inflammatory Blood Biomarkers |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Oral and Vaginal Hormonal Contraceptives on Inflammatory Blood Biomarkers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Oral and Vaginal Hormonal Contraceptives on Inflammatory Blood Biomarkers |
| title_short | Effect of Oral and Vaginal Hormonal Contraceptives on Inflammatory Blood Biomarkers |
| title_sort | effect of oral and vaginal hormonal contraceptives on inflammatory blood biomarkers |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/379501 |
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