Exploring the thermal-induced optical nonlinearity of crude oil via spatial self-phase modulation technique
Abstract This study aims to investigate the nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics of diluted crude oil samples from the Ramshir, Rag-e-Sefid, and Ahwaz-20 reservoir fields in the southwest region of Iran. Utilizing spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM) techniques, we measured the nonlinear refracti...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88576-2 |
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| author | Moein Golestanifar Mohammad Ali Haddad Amir Namiq Hassan Kianoush Pakravan |
| author_facet | Moein Golestanifar Mohammad Ali Haddad Amir Namiq Hassan Kianoush Pakravan |
| author_sort | Moein Golestanifar |
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| description | Abstract This study aims to investigate the nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics of diluted crude oil samples from the Ramshir, Rag-e-Sefid, and Ahwaz-20 reservoir fields in the southwest region of Iran. Utilizing spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM) techniques, we measured the nonlinear refractive index ( $${n}_{2,th}$$ ) by observing the intensity-dependent number of diffraction rings with continuous-wave laser beams at $$405 \text{nm}$$ and $$532\text{ nm}$$ wavelengths. This study focused on examining the $${n}_{2,th}/\alpha$$ ratios of different sample concentrations to identify the role of thermal effects in the observed NLO responses. Our findings indicate a direct correlation between the concentration of crude oil in the samples and their NLO properties, with thermal effects significantly influencing the changes in NLO responses. In the thermal region, the nonlinear refractive index was approximately determined to be $${10}^{-5} {\text{cm}}^{2}/\text{W}$$ . Additionally, the study explores the collapse of diffraction rings to further understand how the relative nonlinear refractive index varies with the sample concentration and incident intensity at both wavelengths. The results suggest that crude oil possesses promising NLO properties, making it potentially suitable for the development of new photonic devices and applications, especially in areas where thermal nonlinearities are crucial, such as sensing and all-optical technologies. |
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| id | doaj-art-23bf94386a5c49ca916447c1edee3252 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| spelling | doaj-art-23bf94386a5c49ca916447c1edee32522025-02-02T12:21:08ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-02-0115111310.1038/s41598-025-88576-2Exploring the thermal-induced optical nonlinearity of crude oil via spatial self-phase modulation techniqueMoein Golestanifar0Mohammad Ali Haddad1Amir Namiq Hassan2Kianoush Pakravan3Department of Physics, Yazd UniversityDepartment of Physics, Yazd UniversityDepartment of Physics, College of Science, University of SulaimaniDepartment of Physics, Yazd UniversityAbstract This study aims to investigate the nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics of diluted crude oil samples from the Ramshir, Rag-e-Sefid, and Ahwaz-20 reservoir fields in the southwest region of Iran. Utilizing spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM) techniques, we measured the nonlinear refractive index ( $${n}_{2,th}$$ ) by observing the intensity-dependent number of diffraction rings with continuous-wave laser beams at $$405 \text{nm}$$ and $$532\text{ nm}$$ wavelengths. This study focused on examining the $${n}_{2,th}/\alpha$$ ratios of different sample concentrations to identify the role of thermal effects in the observed NLO responses. Our findings indicate a direct correlation between the concentration of crude oil in the samples and their NLO properties, with thermal effects significantly influencing the changes in NLO responses. In the thermal region, the nonlinear refractive index was approximately determined to be $${10}^{-5} {\text{cm}}^{2}/\text{W}$$ . Additionally, the study explores the collapse of diffraction rings to further understand how the relative nonlinear refractive index varies with the sample concentration and incident intensity at both wavelengths. The results suggest that crude oil possesses promising NLO properties, making it potentially suitable for the development of new photonic devices and applications, especially in areas where thermal nonlinearities are crucial, such as sensing and all-optical technologies.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88576-2Nonlinear opticsCrude oilSpatial self-phase modulation (SSPM)Nonlinear refractive indexThermal effectCollapse effect of diffraction rings |
| spellingShingle | Moein Golestanifar Mohammad Ali Haddad Amir Namiq Hassan Kianoush Pakravan Exploring the thermal-induced optical nonlinearity of crude oil via spatial self-phase modulation technique Scientific Reports Nonlinear optics Crude oil Spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM) Nonlinear refractive index Thermal effect Collapse effect of diffraction rings |
| title | Exploring the thermal-induced optical nonlinearity of crude oil via spatial self-phase modulation technique |
| title_full | Exploring the thermal-induced optical nonlinearity of crude oil via spatial self-phase modulation technique |
| title_fullStr | Exploring the thermal-induced optical nonlinearity of crude oil via spatial self-phase modulation technique |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring the thermal-induced optical nonlinearity of crude oil via spatial self-phase modulation technique |
| title_short | Exploring the thermal-induced optical nonlinearity of crude oil via spatial self-phase modulation technique |
| title_sort | exploring the thermal induced optical nonlinearity of crude oil via spatial self phase modulation technique |
| topic | Nonlinear optics Crude oil Spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM) Nonlinear refractive index Thermal effect Collapse effect of diffraction rings |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88576-2 |
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