North America’s Potential for an Environmentally Sustainable Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt Battery Value Chain
The Detroit Big Three General Motors (GMs), Ford, and Stellantis predict that electric vehicle (EV) sales will comprise 40–50% of the annual vehicle sales by 2030. Among the key components of LIBs, the LiNixMnyCo<sub>1−x−y</sub>O<sub>2</sub> cathode, which comprises nickel, m...
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MDPI AG
2024-10-01
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| author | Gary Vegh Anil Kumar Madikere Raghunatha Reddy Xia Li Sixu Deng Tongchao Liu Khalil Amine Karim Zaghib |
| author_facet | Gary Vegh Anil Kumar Madikere Raghunatha Reddy Xia Li Sixu Deng Tongchao Liu Khalil Amine Karim Zaghib |
| author_sort | Gary Vegh |
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| description | The Detroit Big Three General Motors (GMs), Ford, and Stellantis predict that electric vehicle (EV) sales will comprise 40–50% of the annual vehicle sales by 2030. Among the key components of LIBs, the LiNixMnyCo<sub>1−x−y</sub>O<sub>2</sub> cathode, which comprises nickel, manganese, and cobalt (NMC) in various stoichiometric ratios, is widely used in EV batteries. This review reveals NMC cathodes from laboratory research. Furthermore, this study examines the environmental effect of NMC cathode production for EV batteries (including coating technologies), encompassing aspects such as energy consumption, water usage, and air emissions. Although gaps persist in NMC cathode environmental assessments (NMC111, NMC532, NMC622, and NMC811), limited life cycle assessments “(LCA)” have been conducted. Most available data originate from Asia (primarily China), accounting for 85% of the production of EV LIB cathode materials. The concept of battery passports for data collection on LIB components has been proposed to facilitate material traceability as a system for ensuring a sustainable supply chain for critical minerals. The automotive industry’s shift to electrification necessitates a sustainable supply chain from mine to vehicle end-of-life. As the critical mineral supply moves from Asia to North America, environmentally friendly industrial methods must be studied to provide this supply chain direction. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
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| series | Batteries |
| spelling | doaj-art-1be713ecf56e4e118892c3dbd0d9c9762025-01-21T01:08:37ZengMDPI AGBatteries2313-01052024-10-01101137710.3390/batteries10110377North America’s Potential for an Environmentally Sustainable Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt Battery Value ChainGary Vegh0Anil Kumar Madikere Raghunatha Reddy1Xia Li2Sixu Deng3Tongchao Liu4Khalil Amine5Karim Zaghib6Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, CanadaDepartment of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, CanadaDepartment of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, CanadaDepartment of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, CanadaChemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USAChemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USADepartment of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, CanadaThe Detroit Big Three General Motors (GMs), Ford, and Stellantis predict that electric vehicle (EV) sales will comprise 40–50% of the annual vehicle sales by 2030. Among the key components of LIBs, the LiNixMnyCo<sub>1−x−y</sub>O<sub>2</sub> cathode, which comprises nickel, manganese, and cobalt (NMC) in various stoichiometric ratios, is widely used in EV batteries. This review reveals NMC cathodes from laboratory research. Furthermore, this study examines the environmental effect of NMC cathode production for EV batteries (including coating technologies), encompassing aspects such as energy consumption, water usage, and air emissions. Although gaps persist in NMC cathode environmental assessments (NMC111, NMC532, NMC622, and NMC811), limited life cycle assessments “(LCA)” have been conducted. Most available data originate from Asia (primarily China), accounting for 85% of the production of EV LIB cathode materials. The concept of battery passports for data collection on LIB components has been proposed to facilitate material traceability as a system for ensuring a sustainable supply chain for critical minerals. The automotive industry’s shift to electrification necessitates a sustainable supply chain from mine to vehicle end-of-life. As the critical mineral supply moves from Asia to North America, environmentally friendly industrial methods must be studied to provide this supply chain direction.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/10/11/377lithium-ion batterymine-to-cellsNMC cathode materialsgreen batterybattery passport |
| spellingShingle | Gary Vegh Anil Kumar Madikere Raghunatha Reddy Xia Li Sixu Deng Tongchao Liu Khalil Amine Karim Zaghib North America’s Potential for an Environmentally Sustainable Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt Battery Value Chain Batteries lithium-ion battery mine-to-cells NMC cathode materials green battery battery passport |
| title | North America’s Potential for an Environmentally Sustainable Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt Battery Value Chain |
| title_full | North America’s Potential for an Environmentally Sustainable Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt Battery Value Chain |
| title_fullStr | North America’s Potential for an Environmentally Sustainable Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt Battery Value Chain |
| title_full_unstemmed | North America’s Potential for an Environmentally Sustainable Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt Battery Value Chain |
| title_short | North America’s Potential for an Environmentally Sustainable Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt Battery Value Chain |
| title_sort | north america s potential for an environmentally sustainable nickel manganese and cobalt battery value chain |
| topic | lithium-ion battery mine-to-cells NMC cathode materials green battery battery passport |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/10/11/377 |
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