New insights into structural, optical, electrical and thermoelectric behavior of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 single crystals
Abstract The single crystals of lead-free Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 were grown using the Czochralski method. The energy gaps determined from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and optical measurements were approximately 2.92 eV. The current-voltage characteristics, depolarization current, dc (σdc) and ac (...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-01-01
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| author | G. Jagło Kamila Kluczewska-Chmielarz J. Suchanicz A. Kruk A. Kania D. Sitko M. Nowakowska-Malczyk M. Łapiński G. Stachowski |
| author_facet | G. Jagło Kamila Kluczewska-Chmielarz J. Suchanicz A. Kruk A. Kania D. Sitko M. Nowakowska-Malczyk M. Łapiński G. Stachowski |
| author_sort | G. Jagło |
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| description | Abstract The single crystals of lead-free Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 were grown using the Czochralski method. The energy gaps determined from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and optical measurements were approximately 2.92 eV. The current-voltage characteristics, depolarization current, dc (σdc) and ac (σac) electrical conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient of the crystals were investigated. The frequency/temperature-dependent electrical properties were also measured and analyzed through complex impedance spectroscopy. An overlapping reversible insulator-metal transition (resistive switching) on nanoscales, caused by the electric field, was detected. Most of these properties were measured for the first time. The activation energy values determined from the conductivity data, the imaginary part of the electric impedance and the modulus indicate that the relaxation process in the high-temperature range is attributable to both single and double ionized oxygen vacancies, in combination with the hopping of electrons between Ti4+ and Ti3+. P-type electrical conductivity was also found. These discoveries create new possibilities of reducing the electrical conductivity of NBT and improving the process of effectively poling this material. Our results indicate the possibility of tuning the material properties by intentionally creating non-stoichiometry/structural defects (oxygen vacancies, cation excess and cation deficiency). |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1937040aed814ee2bd7c28f36c7b6f8a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-1937040aed814ee2bd7c28f36c7b6f8a2025-01-26T12:28:43ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-01-0115112110.1038/s41598-025-86625-4New insights into structural, optical, electrical and thermoelectric behavior of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 single crystalsG. Jagło0Kamila Kluczewska-Chmielarz1J. Suchanicz2A. Kruk3A. Kania4D. Sitko5M. Nowakowska-Malczyk6M. Łapiński7G. Stachowski8Institute of Technical Sciences, University of the National Education CommissionInstitute of Technical Sciences, University of the National Education CommissionDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and Agrophysics, University of Agriculture in KrakowInstitute of Technical Sciences, University of the National Education CommissionA.Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in KatowiceFaculty of Exact & Natural Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, ul.Faculty of Exact & Natural Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, ul.Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Advanced Materials Center, Gdansk University of TechnologyAstronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian UniversityAbstract The single crystals of lead-free Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 were grown using the Czochralski method. The energy gaps determined from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and optical measurements were approximately 2.92 eV. The current-voltage characteristics, depolarization current, dc (σdc) and ac (σac) electrical conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient of the crystals were investigated. The frequency/temperature-dependent electrical properties were also measured and analyzed through complex impedance spectroscopy. An overlapping reversible insulator-metal transition (resistive switching) on nanoscales, caused by the electric field, was detected. Most of these properties were measured for the first time. The activation energy values determined from the conductivity data, the imaginary part of the electric impedance and the modulus indicate that the relaxation process in the high-temperature range is attributable to both single and double ionized oxygen vacancies, in combination with the hopping of electrons between Ti4+ and Ti3+. P-type electrical conductivity was also found. These discoveries create new possibilities of reducing the electrical conductivity of NBT and improving the process of effectively poling this material. Our results indicate the possibility of tuning the material properties by intentionally creating non-stoichiometry/structural defects (oxygen vacancies, cation excess and cation deficiency).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86625-4Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 single crystalsInsulator-metal transitionElectrical conductivitiesRelaxation process. |
| spellingShingle | G. Jagło Kamila Kluczewska-Chmielarz J. Suchanicz A. Kruk A. Kania D. Sitko M. Nowakowska-Malczyk M. Łapiński G. Stachowski New insights into structural, optical, electrical and thermoelectric behavior of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 single crystals Scientific Reports Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 single crystals Insulator-metal transition Electrical conductivities Relaxation process. |
| title | New insights into structural, optical, electrical and thermoelectric behavior of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 single crystals |
| title_full | New insights into structural, optical, electrical and thermoelectric behavior of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 single crystals |
| title_fullStr | New insights into structural, optical, electrical and thermoelectric behavior of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 single crystals |
| title_full_unstemmed | New insights into structural, optical, electrical and thermoelectric behavior of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 single crystals |
| title_short | New insights into structural, optical, electrical and thermoelectric behavior of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 single crystals |
| title_sort | new insights into structural optical electrical and thermoelectric behavior of na0 5bi0 5tio3 single crystals |
| topic | Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 single crystals Insulator-metal transition Electrical conductivities Relaxation process. |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86625-4 |
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