Lifestyle scores and their potential to estimate the risk of multiple non-communicable disease-related endpoints: a systematic review
Abstract Background Lifestyle scores have emerged as a practical tool to assess the risk of major non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, most of them are primarily developed for single NCDs. Given the common risk factors for some of the major NCDs, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate th...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Jie Ding Ruojin Fu Tanwei Yuan Hermann Brenner Michael Hoffmeister |
| author_facet | Jie Ding Ruojin Fu Tanwei Yuan Hermann Brenner Michael Hoffmeister |
| author_sort | Jie Ding |
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| description | Abstract Background Lifestyle scores have emerged as a practical tool to assess the risk of major non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, most of them are primarily developed for single NCDs. Given the common risk factors for some of the major NCDs, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the potential of existing lifestyle scores in predicting the risk of multiple NCD-related endpoints. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to October 2024. We included observational studies assessing the association between lifestyle scores and the risk of morbidity or mortality of multiple NCDs, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. Results Of 16,138 unique records identified by the search, 56 eligible studies were included in the systematic review, consisting of 48 cohort studies, 5 case-control studies, 2 case-cohort studies, and 1 cross-sectional study from 16 countries. 15 lifestyle scores were identified to estimate the risk of 32 NCDs, with HLIBMI being the most reported score (14/56, 25.0%). Moderate to strong associations were found between the 15 lifestyle scores and the risk of developing and dying from multiple types of cancers, CVDs, and T2D. Healthy lifestyle scores including additional risk factors (i.e., blood pressure, blood glucose, and waist circumference) aside from major risk factors (i.e., Body Mass Index (BMI), smoking, and diet) seemed to have a stronger ability to estimate NCDs risk than scores including only major risk factors. Conclusion All 15 simple lifestyle scores were shown to estimate the risk of multiple NCDs endpoints, although some scores were originally developed to estimate the risk of single diseases only. Therefore, further research is required to identify which lifestyle score is most effective for assessing the risk of multiple NCD-related endpoints in a head-to-head comparison. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-1395642dfbbc409e8a4c9bb766e9e66a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-2458 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Public Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-1395642dfbbc409e8a4c9bb766e9e66a2025-01-26T12:55:34ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582025-01-0125111210.1186/s12889-025-21537-6Lifestyle scores and their potential to estimate the risk of multiple non-communicable disease-related endpoints: a systematic reviewJie Ding0Ruojin Fu1Tanwei Yuan2Hermann Brenner3Michael Hoffmeister4Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Abstract Background Lifestyle scores have emerged as a practical tool to assess the risk of major non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, most of them are primarily developed for single NCDs. Given the common risk factors for some of the major NCDs, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the potential of existing lifestyle scores in predicting the risk of multiple NCD-related endpoints. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to October 2024. We included observational studies assessing the association between lifestyle scores and the risk of morbidity or mortality of multiple NCDs, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. Results Of 16,138 unique records identified by the search, 56 eligible studies were included in the systematic review, consisting of 48 cohort studies, 5 case-control studies, 2 case-cohort studies, and 1 cross-sectional study from 16 countries. 15 lifestyle scores were identified to estimate the risk of 32 NCDs, with HLIBMI being the most reported score (14/56, 25.0%). Moderate to strong associations were found between the 15 lifestyle scores and the risk of developing and dying from multiple types of cancers, CVDs, and T2D. Healthy lifestyle scores including additional risk factors (i.e., blood pressure, blood glucose, and waist circumference) aside from major risk factors (i.e., Body Mass Index (BMI), smoking, and diet) seemed to have a stronger ability to estimate NCDs risk than scores including only major risk factors. Conclusion All 15 simple lifestyle scores were shown to estimate the risk of multiple NCDs endpoints, although some scores were originally developed to estimate the risk of single diseases only. Therefore, further research is required to identify which lifestyle score is most effective for assessing the risk of multiple NCD-related endpoints in a head-to-head comparison.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21537-6Lifestyle scoresNon-communicable diseasesCancerType2 diabetesCardiovascular diseasesSystematic review |
| spellingShingle | Jie Ding Ruojin Fu Tanwei Yuan Hermann Brenner Michael Hoffmeister Lifestyle scores and their potential to estimate the risk of multiple non-communicable disease-related endpoints: a systematic review BMC Public Health Lifestyle scores Non-communicable diseases Cancer Type2 diabetes Cardiovascular diseases Systematic review |
| title | Lifestyle scores and their potential to estimate the risk of multiple non-communicable disease-related endpoints: a systematic review |
| title_full | Lifestyle scores and their potential to estimate the risk of multiple non-communicable disease-related endpoints: a systematic review |
| title_fullStr | Lifestyle scores and their potential to estimate the risk of multiple non-communicable disease-related endpoints: a systematic review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lifestyle scores and their potential to estimate the risk of multiple non-communicable disease-related endpoints: a systematic review |
| title_short | Lifestyle scores and their potential to estimate the risk of multiple non-communicable disease-related endpoints: a systematic review |
| title_sort | lifestyle scores and their potential to estimate the risk of multiple non communicable disease related endpoints a systematic review |
| topic | Lifestyle scores Non-communicable diseases Cancer Type2 diabetes Cardiovascular diseases Systematic review |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21537-6 |
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