Inhibitory Effects of Natural Products on Germination, Outgrowth, and Vegetative Growth of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> Spores in Laboratory Medium and Chicken Meat
<i>Clostridium perfringens</i> type F is a spore-forming bacterium that causes human illnesses, including food poisoning (FP) and non-foodborne gastrointestinal diseases. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activities of 15 natural products against <i>C. perfringens</i...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Safa Q. Alfattani Saeed S. Banawas Mahfuzur R. Sarker |
| author_facet | Safa Q. Alfattani Saeed S. Banawas Mahfuzur R. Sarker |
| author_sort | Safa Q. Alfattani |
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| description | <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> type F is a spore-forming bacterium that causes human illnesses, including food poisoning (FP) and non-foodborne gastrointestinal diseases. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activities of 15 natural products against <i>C. perfringens</i> spore growth. Among them, garlic, onion juice, and undiluted essential oil constituents (EOCs) of clove, rosemary, and peppermint showed the strongest activity. Therefore, we examined the inhibitory effects of these products on each stage of the life cycle of <i>C. perfringens</i> FP strains, including spore germination, spore outgrowth, and vegetative growth, in laboratory media and chicken meat. Both clove and peppermint oils (at 0.5%; <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) inactivated <i>C. perfringens</i> spore germination in nutrient-rich trypticase–glucose–yeast extract (TGY) medium. Furthermore, EOCs at (0.1–0.5%) arrested the spore outgrowth of <i>C. perfringens</i> in TGY medium. Interestingly, EOCs at 0.5% completely inhibited the vegetative growth of FP isolates during a 6 h incubation in TGY medium. However, even at 4-fold higher concentrations (2%), EOCs were unable to inactivate <i>C. perfringens</i> spore growth in contaminated chicken meat stored under abusive conditions. Although some of the natural products inhibited <i>C. perfringens</i> spore germination, outgrowth, and vegetative growth in TGY medium, no such inhibitory activity was observed when these products were applied to <i>C. perfringens</i> spore-inoculated chicken meat. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-121e6c1608b64ee68906306d624634f4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-121e6c1608b64ee68906306d624634f42025-01-24T13:42:30ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-01-011317210.3390/microorganisms13010072Inhibitory Effects of Natural Products on Germination, Outgrowth, and Vegetative Growth of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> Spores in Laboratory Medium and Chicken MeatSafa Q. Alfattani0Saeed S. Banawas1Mahfuzur R. Sarker2Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USADepartment of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA<i>Clostridium perfringens</i> type F is a spore-forming bacterium that causes human illnesses, including food poisoning (FP) and non-foodborne gastrointestinal diseases. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activities of 15 natural products against <i>C. perfringens</i> spore growth. Among them, garlic, onion juice, and undiluted essential oil constituents (EOCs) of clove, rosemary, and peppermint showed the strongest activity. Therefore, we examined the inhibitory effects of these products on each stage of the life cycle of <i>C. perfringens</i> FP strains, including spore germination, spore outgrowth, and vegetative growth, in laboratory media and chicken meat. Both clove and peppermint oils (at 0.5%; <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) inactivated <i>C. perfringens</i> spore germination in nutrient-rich trypticase–glucose–yeast extract (TGY) medium. Furthermore, EOCs at (0.1–0.5%) arrested the spore outgrowth of <i>C. perfringens</i> in TGY medium. Interestingly, EOCs at 0.5% completely inhibited the vegetative growth of FP isolates during a 6 h incubation in TGY medium. However, even at 4-fold higher concentrations (2%), EOCs were unable to inactivate <i>C. perfringens</i> spore growth in contaminated chicken meat stored under abusive conditions. Although some of the natural products inhibited <i>C. perfringens</i> spore germination, outgrowth, and vegetative growth in TGY medium, no such inhibitory activity was observed when these products were applied to <i>C. perfringens</i> spore-inoculated chicken meat.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/72<i>Clostridium perfringens</i>natural productsinhibitionsporesessential oil constituents |
| spellingShingle | Safa Q. Alfattani Saeed S. Banawas Mahfuzur R. Sarker Inhibitory Effects of Natural Products on Germination, Outgrowth, and Vegetative Growth of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> Spores in Laboratory Medium and Chicken Meat Microorganisms <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> natural products inhibition spores essential oil constituents |
| title | Inhibitory Effects of Natural Products on Germination, Outgrowth, and Vegetative Growth of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> Spores in Laboratory Medium and Chicken Meat |
| title_full | Inhibitory Effects of Natural Products on Germination, Outgrowth, and Vegetative Growth of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> Spores in Laboratory Medium and Chicken Meat |
| title_fullStr | Inhibitory Effects of Natural Products on Germination, Outgrowth, and Vegetative Growth of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> Spores in Laboratory Medium and Chicken Meat |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inhibitory Effects of Natural Products on Germination, Outgrowth, and Vegetative Growth of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> Spores in Laboratory Medium and Chicken Meat |
| title_short | Inhibitory Effects of Natural Products on Germination, Outgrowth, and Vegetative Growth of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> Spores in Laboratory Medium and Chicken Meat |
| title_sort | inhibitory effects of natural products on germination outgrowth and vegetative growth of i clostridium perfringens i spores in laboratory medium and chicken meat |
| topic | <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> natural products inhibition spores essential oil constituents |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/72 |
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