Biomonitoring PhIP, a Potential Prostatic Carcinogen, in the Hair of Healthy Men of African and European Ancestry
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), formed during the cooking of meat, are potential human carcinogens, underscoring the need for long-lived biomarkers to assess exposure and cancer risk. Frequent consumption of well-done meats containing 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-<i>b</i>]py...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/1/42 |
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| author | Robert J. Turesky Clarence Jones Jingshu Guo Kari Cammerrer Laura A. Maertens Emmanuel S. Antonarakis Zhanni Lu Logan G. Spector |
| author_facet | Robert J. Turesky Clarence Jones Jingshu Guo Kari Cammerrer Laura A. Maertens Emmanuel S. Antonarakis Zhanni Lu Logan G. Spector |
| author_sort | Robert J. Turesky |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), formed during the cooking of meat, are potential human carcinogens, underscoring the need for long-lived biomarkers to assess exposure and cancer risk. Frequent consumption of well-done meats containing 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-<i>b</i>]pyridine (PhIP), a prevalent HAA that is a prostatic carcinogen in rodents and DNA-damaging agent in human prostate cells, has been linked to aggressive prostate cancer (PC) pathology. African American (AA) men face nearly twice the risk for developing and dying from PC compared to White men. We previously demonstrated that scalp hair is a reliable biospecimen for measuring PhIP intake using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This study aimed to determine whether PhIP dietary intake is higher in AA men, potentially contributing to this health disparity. Healthy AA men were found to have a significantly higher mean hair PhIP level (2.12-fold) than White men on free-choice diets. However, this difference was not statistically significant after adjusting for melanin content. Further research is needed to understand how hair pigmentation, follicular density, and other morphological features of hair influence PhIP accumulation. These insights can improve the accuracy of using hair PhIP levels as a biomarker for exposure and its potential associations with cancer risk. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0c3bd419973c49d9b779f4a194c578e6 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj-art-0c3bd419973c49d9b779f4a194c578e62025-01-24T13:51:02ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042025-01-011314210.3390/toxics13010042Biomonitoring PhIP, a Potential Prostatic Carcinogen, in the Hair of Healthy Men of African and European AncestryRobert J. Turesky0Clarence Jones1Jingshu Guo2Kari Cammerrer3Laura A. Maertens4Emmanuel S. Antonarakis5Zhanni Lu6Logan G. Spector7Masonic Cancer Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAHue-Man Partnership, 2400 Park Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55404, USAMasonic Cancer Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAMasonic Cancer Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAMasonic Cancer Center, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USADepartment of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAMasonic Cancer Center, Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAMasonic Cancer Center, Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAHeterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), formed during the cooking of meat, are potential human carcinogens, underscoring the need for long-lived biomarkers to assess exposure and cancer risk. Frequent consumption of well-done meats containing 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-<i>b</i>]pyridine (PhIP), a prevalent HAA that is a prostatic carcinogen in rodents and DNA-damaging agent in human prostate cells, has been linked to aggressive prostate cancer (PC) pathology. African American (AA) men face nearly twice the risk for developing and dying from PC compared to White men. We previously demonstrated that scalp hair is a reliable biospecimen for measuring PhIP intake using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This study aimed to determine whether PhIP dietary intake is higher in AA men, potentially contributing to this health disparity. Healthy AA men were found to have a significantly higher mean hair PhIP level (2.12-fold) than White men on free-choice diets. However, this difference was not statistically significant after adjusting for melanin content. Further research is needed to understand how hair pigmentation, follicular density, and other morphological features of hair influence PhIP accumulation. These insights can improve the accuracy of using hair PhIP levels as a biomarker for exposure and its potential associations with cancer risk.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/1/42biomarkerscarcinogenscooked meathair dosimeterheterocyclic aromatic aminesPhIP |
| spellingShingle | Robert J. Turesky Clarence Jones Jingshu Guo Kari Cammerrer Laura A. Maertens Emmanuel S. Antonarakis Zhanni Lu Logan G. Spector Biomonitoring PhIP, a Potential Prostatic Carcinogen, in the Hair of Healthy Men of African and European Ancestry Toxics biomarkers carcinogens cooked meat hair dosimeter heterocyclic aromatic amines PhIP |
| title | Biomonitoring PhIP, a Potential Prostatic Carcinogen, in the Hair of Healthy Men of African and European Ancestry |
| title_full | Biomonitoring PhIP, a Potential Prostatic Carcinogen, in the Hair of Healthy Men of African and European Ancestry |
| title_fullStr | Biomonitoring PhIP, a Potential Prostatic Carcinogen, in the Hair of Healthy Men of African and European Ancestry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biomonitoring PhIP, a Potential Prostatic Carcinogen, in the Hair of Healthy Men of African and European Ancestry |
| title_short | Biomonitoring PhIP, a Potential Prostatic Carcinogen, in the Hair of Healthy Men of African and European Ancestry |
| title_sort | biomonitoring phip a potential prostatic carcinogen in the hair of healthy men of african and european ancestry |
| topic | biomarkers carcinogens cooked meat hair dosimeter heterocyclic aromatic amines PhIP |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/1/42 |
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