Application of a nucleophilic substitution reaction for spectrofluorimetric quantification of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma matrices
Abstract Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic drug that is abused by teenagers and young adults, commonly for recreational purposes in dance clubs, to generate euphoria and dissociation, and sometimes employed as a date-rape drug. Herein, a highly sensitive, and environmentally friendly spectrofluo...
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Nature Portfolio
2024-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82427-2 |
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| author | Reem M. Alnemari Maram H. Abduljabbar Yusuf S. Althobaiti Farooq M. Almutairi Muneef M. Aldhafeeri Atiah H. Almalki Sherif Ramzy |
| author_facet | Reem M. Alnemari Maram H. Abduljabbar Yusuf S. Althobaiti Farooq M. Almutairi Muneef M. Aldhafeeri Atiah H. Almalki Sherif Ramzy |
| author_sort | Reem M. Alnemari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic drug that is abused by teenagers and young adults, commonly for recreational purposes in dance clubs, to generate euphoria and dissociation, and sometimes employed as a date-rape drug. Herein, a highly sensitive, and environmentally friendly spectrofluorimetric method was developed for detection of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma samples. The technique is based on a nucleophilic substitution reaction occurring between ketamine and NBD-Cl (4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole), resulting in the formation of a fluorescent derivative that exhibits detectability at a remarkable level. The resultant derivative demonstrates its maximum emission intensity at 543 nm upon excitation at a wavelength of 481 nm. Upon optimizing the reaction parameters, a linear relationship was established between the fluorescence intensity of the formed derivative and the concentrations of ketamine within the specified range of 10 − 250 ng/mL. The method demonstrated exceptional sensitivity with detection and quantitation limits of 2.37 ng/mL and 7.18 ng/mL, respectively, allowing for the detection of ketamine in both pharmaceutical and plasma samples. The method was precise (%RSD < 1) accurate (%R = 99.74%) and robust (% R ± SD from 98.00 ± 1.11 to 99.97 ± 0.75). Furthermore, the developed method was compared to the reported method, with the results indicating that the suggested method is more sensitive and ecologically benign. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0450b6290d8a4e928eb079f812ec5a1a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-0450b6290d8a4e928eb079f812ec5a1a2025-02-02T12:25:31ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222024-12-0114111010.1038/s41598-024-82427-2Application of a nucleophilic substitution reaction for spectrofluorimetric quantification of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma matricesReem M. Alnemari0Maram H. Abduljabbar1Yusuf S. Althobaiti2Farooq M. Almutairi3Muneef M. Aldhafeeri4Atiah H. Almalki5Sherif Ramzy6Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif UniversityDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif UniversityDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif UniversityDepartment of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr AlBatinDepartment of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr AlBatinAddiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Health Science Campus, Taif UniversityPharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar UniversityAbstract Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic drug that is abused by teenagers and young adults, commonly for recreational purposes in dance clubs, to generate euphoria and dissociation, and sometimes employed as a date-rape drug. Herein, a highly sensitive, and environmentally friendly spectrofluorimetric method was developed for detection of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma samples. The technique is based on a nucleophilic substitution reaction occurring between ketamine and NBD-Cl (4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole), resulting in the formation of a fluorescent derivative that exhibits detectability at a remarkable level. The resultant derivative demonstrates its maximum emission intensity at 543 nm upon excitation at a wavelength of 481 nm. Upon optimizing the reaction parameters, a linear relationship was established between the fluorescence intensity of the formed derivative and the concentrations of ketamine within the specified range of 10 − 250 ng/mL. The method demonstrated exceptional sensitivity with detection and quantitation limits of 2.37 ng/mL and 7.18 ng/mL, respectively, allowing for the detection of ketamine in both pharmaceutical and plasma samples. The method was precise (%RSD < 1) accurate (%R = 99.74%) and robust (% R ± SD from 98.00 ± 1.11 to 99.97 ± 0.75). Furthermore, the developed method was compared to the reported method, with the results indicating that the suggested method is more sensitive and ecologically benign.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82427-2KetamineSuper KDate-rape drugDrug addictionEco-friendly spectrofluorimetric method |
| spellingShingle | Reem M. Alnemari Maram H. Abduljabbar Yusuf S. Althobaiti Farooq M. Almutairi Muneef M. Aldhafeeri Atiah H. Almalki Sherif Ramzy Application of a nucleophilic substitution reaction for spectrofluorimetric quantification of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma matrices Scientific Reports Ketamine Super K Date-rape drug Drug addiction Eco-friendly spectrofluorimetric method |
| title | Application of a nucleophilic substitution reaction for spectrofluorimetric quantification of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma matrices |
| title_full | Application of a nucleophilic substitution reaction for spectrofluorimetric quantification of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma matrices |
| title_fullStr | Application of a nucleophilic substitution reaction for spectrofluorimetric quantification of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma matrices |
| title_full_unstemmed | Application of a nucleophilic substitution reaction for spectrofluorimetric quantification of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma matrices |
| title_short | Application of a nucleophilic substitution reaction for spectrofluorimetric quantification of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma matrices |
| title_sort | application of a nucleophilic substitution reaction for spectrofluorimetric quantification of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma matrices |
| topic | Ketamine Super K Date-rape drug Drug addiction Eco-friendly spectrofluorimetric method |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82427-2 |
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