Determination of the Peak and Residual Shear Strengths of the Sandwich Material in Slopes by Qijun Hu, Qijie Cai, Leping He, Xiaoqiang Yang, Tao Ye, Rendan Shi

“…The mudded weak interlayer is a geotechnical sandwich material exhibiting strain softening behavior, which plays an important part in the slope stability. …”
Get full text

Achieving simultaneous improvement of bendability and deep drawability of Al–Mg–Si alloy via intermediate annealing by Xin Zhan, Jianguo Tang, Xiaofen Tan, Mingan Chen, Wenhui Liu, Lingyong Cao, Lingying Ye, Xini Yuan, Gaohui Cao, Yong Zhang, Xiyan Hu, Xiaoguang Zhao

“…It is found that that IA induces particle precipitation and static softening, leading to increases of the average size, number density, and volume fraction of both coarse and fine particles, along with a weakening of rolling texture. …”
Get full text

Non-linear analysis of masonry infilled steel frame under in-plane loading using Multi Pier method by Mohammad Mosa Ahmadvand, Ahmad Maleki, Masoud Pourbaba

“…The present study introduces a novel method for analyzing masonry infilled steel frames, termed the Multi Pier (MP) approach, which utilizes truss elements exhibiting nonlinear softening behaviors. The basis of the model is to transfer the masonry infilled frame into an assemblage of piers and braces. …”
Get full text

Mechanical Properties of Soft Rocks Subjected to Water-Rock Reaction and Cyclic Pressure by Wei Huang, Rui Feng, Huanran Fu, Jingyu Chen, Zili Feng

“…Moreover, the samples exhibited a softening phenomenon due to water absorption and rock expansion, decreasing the elastic modulus. …”
Get full text

Study on Liquefaction Resistance of Pile Group by Shaking Table Test by Cong Zhang, Zhongju Feng, Yunhui Guan, Huiyun Chen, Fuchun Wang, Boxi Xu

“…It shows that the saturated silt fine sand has softening and damping effect before liquefaction. In summary, the antiliquefaction performance of the pile group is better than that of a single pile. …”
Get full text

Evaluation of the increased load bearing capacity of steel beams strengthened with pre-stressed FRP laminates by S. Bennati, D. Colonna, P.S. Valvo

“…The adhesive is modelled as a cohesive interface with a piecewise linear constitutive law defined over three intervals (elastic response, softening response, debonding). The model is described by a set of differential equations with suitable boundary conditions. …”
Get full text

Classification of Performance Grades of High Modulus Asphalt and Its Mixture: Taking China as an Example by Lu Zhou, Kaixi Duan, Feng Gao, Yi Fu, Qian Chen

“…The results showed that compared with the basic asphalt, the softening points of the basic modified high modulus asphalt and the composite modified high modulus asphalt were increased by 18.76% and 82.89%, respectively, and the rutting factors were increased by 2 and 9 times, respectively, but the improvement effect of the low-temperature performance of the high modulus asphalt was not obvious. …”
Get full text

Effect of Enamel Caries Lesion Baseline Severity on Fluoride Dose-Response by Frank Lippert

“…Increased demineralization times led to increased surface softening. The lesion severity×fluoride concentration interaction was significant (p<0.001). …”
Get full text

Deformation and Damping Characteristics of Lightweight Clay-EPS Soil under Cyclic Loading by Yundong Zhou, Mingdong Li, Qibao He, Kejun Wen

“…The dynamic secant elastic modulus of LCES decreased with the increase of dynamic strain, which was represented by strain softening. The dynamic modulus of clay decreased sharply, while that of LCES decreased marginally. …”
Get full text

Multiscale Laboratory Study and Numerical Analysis of Water-Weakening Effect on Shale by Zhen Li, Shangge Liu, Wentao Ren, Jinjin Fang, Qinghua Zhu, Zhilin Dun

“…For the uniaxial compression, tension, and triaxial compression, the softening coefficient could reach 0.38, 0.63, and 0.52, respectively. …”
Get full text

Membrane Treatment to Improve Water Recycling in an Italian Textile District by Francesca Tuci, Michele Allocca, Donatella Fibbi, Daniele Daddi, Riccardo Gori

“…Consequently, these companies utilize ion exchange resins for water softening. However, the regeneration of the resins results in an increased concentration of chlorides in the reclaimed wastewater that exceeds the limit set by Italian regulations for the reuse of water for irrigation purposes. …”
Get full text

Experimental Study on Damage Breakage Properties of Shaft Lining Concrete under Hydromechanical Coupling by Weipei Xue, Zhishu Yao, Wei Jing, Bin Tang, Gan Kong, Dezhu Xie

“…The damage evolution model shows that damage threshold of shaft lining concrete occurs earlier than that of ordinary concrete because of the influence of permeable water, and the damage development of the strain softening stage is particularly rapid.…”
Get full text

Quantitative Precursory Information of Weak Shocking Failures of Composite Soft Roof by Lihua Wang, Zenghui Zhao, Zhongxi Tian, Wei Sun

“…The main conclusions obtained are as follows: (1) as the elastic energy released at the postpeak failure stage of weak body contributes to system failures, the equivalent stiffness for system failures consists of the stiffness of strong body and the deterioration stiffness of weak body at softening stage; (2) during the loading process of the two-body system, isochronous sudden jumps of the deformation rate in either body can be regarded as the precursory information of weak impact failures; (3) the frequency of sudden jumps of deformation rate is significantly related to the stiffness, indicating that weak impact failures are readily observed in composite soft roof as stiffnesses of weakly consolidated soft rocks and coal seam are close to each other. …”
Get full text

From polymer matrix to cell structure: STG/TEMs/PU energy-absorbing foamed composites with strain rate-dependent and bimodal cellular structure by Xiaoke Liu, Kejing Yu, Pengwan Chen

“…Moreover, loading-unloading test analyses revealed that STG-reinforced foam and TEMs-reinforced foam exhibit distinct softening and hysteresis behaviors. This finding not only enhances our understanding of the mechanisms by which STG and TEMs operate in PU foams but also establishes a foundation for improving the performance of these materials under various extreme application conditions. …”
Get full text

Exploration of novel NSM methods to achieve stronger FRPs with minimal epoxy by Wei Sun, Handong Yan, Jianli Yin, Xinan Zhu, Tiejiong Lou, Haifeng Li

“…FRP models were developed to capture the softening behavior caused by slip. Cracking models that incorporated the tensile contributions of filler material and cracked concrete was proposed to describe the post-cracking behavior. …”
Get full text

Effects of various manufacturing parameters and test temperature and crosshead displacement rate on the peel resistance of UHMWPE composites by Omar Banabila, Noora Alahmed, Rubayea Alameri, Rafael Santiago, Kamran A. Khan, Wesley J. Cantwell

“…Conversely, increasing the temperature led to a marked reduction in peel resistance due to softening of the matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed the primary failure mechanisms, including fiber pull-out, localized matrix ductility, and fiber fracture across all tested samples. …”
Get full text

Application of Modified Hoek–Brown Strength Criterion in Water-Rich Soft Rock Tunnel by Xianghui Deng, Yuncai Wang, Rui Wang, Daohong Xia, Zhiqing Zhao

“…The water-rich disturbance factor considering the seepage influence of groundwater and blasting disturbance is proposed, and the generalized Hoek–Brown strength criterion is modified on the basis of the immersion softening test of soft rock. In accordance with the classical elastic–plastic mechanics theory, the stress, strain, and displacement calculation formulas of the tunnel surrounding rock are derived. …”
Get full text

Persistent Primary Hyperparathyroidism, Severe Vitamin D Deficiency, and Multiple Pathological Fractures by Victoria Mendoza-Zubieta, Mauricio Carvallo-Venegas, Jorge Alberto Vargas-Castilla, Nicolás Ducoing-Sisto, Alfredo Alejandro Páramo-Lovera, Lourdes Josefina Balcázar-Hernández, Julián Malcolm Mac Gregor-Gooch

“…Persistent hyperparathyroidism with severe vitamin D deficiency can cause catastrophic skeletal bone softening and fractures.…”
Get full text

Nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete shells and the compressive membrane action on bridge deck slabs by Beatriz da Costa Fernandes, Jordlly Reydson de Barros Silva, Bernardo Horowitz

“…The reinforcements are evaluated using the Cracked Membrane Model (CMM), which considers the compression softening of concrete and the tension stiffening effects via the Tension Chord Model (TCM). …”
Get full text

An overview of the use of photocatalysis in the environmental control of textile effluent by Masiren Emyra Ezzaty, Ong Huei Ruey, Khan Md Maksudur Rahmad

“…A vast array of speciality chemicals, like as softeners, stain-releasing agents, saturating agents, fixing agents, and different organic dyes, are used in the textile industry. …”
Get full text