Understanding and Modeling the Dynamics of Storm‐Time Atmospheric Neutral Density Using Random Forests by K. Murphy, A. J. Halford, V. Liu, J. Klenzing, J. Smith, K. Garcia‐Sage, J. Pettit, I. J. Rae

“…Each model is validated using an out‐of‐sample data set using analysis of residuals and typical metrics. During quiet‐times, all three models perform well; however, during geomagnetic storms, the combined high cadence solar iradiance/geomagnetic model performs significantly better than the models based solely on solar activity. …”
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Investigation of ionospheric response to a moderate geomagnetic storm over the mid-latitude of Saudi Arabia by Alenazi Moqbil Salem, Nooreldeen Hassan Mahdy, Ahmed Ayman Mahmoud, Yossuf Mohamed, Lomotey Solomon Otoo, Yassen Ahmed, Mahrous Ayman

“…Observations from three Global Positioning System (GPS) stations (RFHA, 29.6∘{\text{29.6}}^{\circ }N; ARAR, 30.9∘{\text{30.9}}^{\circ }N; TRIF, 31.6∘{\text{31.6}}^{\circ }N) in Saudi Arabia’s Northern Borders Province were used to derive the vertical total electron content (VTEC), revealing a significant increase during the storm’s main phase. A comparative analysis of GPS-derived VTEC with the International Reference Ionosphere 2016 (IRI-2016) model showed that IRI-2016 tends to overestimate VTEC during quiet and disturbed geomagnetic conditions. …”
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Storm‐Time Ring Current Plasma Pressure Prediction Based on the Multi‐Output Convolutional Neural Network Model by Yun Yan, Zi‐Kang Xie, Chao Yue, Jiu‐Tong Zhao, Fan Yang, Lun Xie, Qiu‐Gang Zong, Xu‐Zhi Zhou, Shan Wang

“…Taking solar wind parameters, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) data, and geomagnetic indices with a time history of 3 days as input parameters, the model shows good performances for electron plasma pressure, H+ plasma pressure, He+ plasma pressure, and O+ plasma pressure in both quiet‐time and storm‐time periods, with high correlation coefficients and small root mean square errors between the measured and the predicted values. …”
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Study of height-spread sporadic-E layers observed in the South American Magnetic Anomaly by Juliano Moro, Juliano Moro, Jiyao Xu, José Valentin Bageston, Lígia Alves da Silva, Lígia Alves da Silva, Laysa Cristina Araújo Resende, Laysa Cristina Araújo Resende, Clezio Marcos De Nardin, Vânia Fátima Andrioli, Vânia Fátima Andrioli, Angela Machado Santos, Angela Machado Santos, Giorgio Arlan da Silva Picanço, Hui Li, Liu Zhengkuan, Chi Wang, Nelson Jorge Schuch

“…These layers have also been detected in nighttime ionograms collected at some ionospheric stations in the South American Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) region in Brazil during the recovery phases of geomagnetic storms. However, similar echoes have also been observed in the SAMA during geomagnetically quiet periods or daytime, which are not caused by energetic particle precipitation. …”
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An Operational Geomagnetic Baseline Derivation Method for Magnetic Observatories Located in Mid‐Latitudes by Veronika Haberle, Aurélie Marchaudon, Aude Chambodut, Pierre‐Louis Blelly

“…For that purpose, geomagnetic baselines play a vital role as they describe typical quiet variations within geomagnetic data which allows the successive isolation of magnetic storm contributions. …”
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Forecasting of Ionospheric Total Electron Content Data Using Multivariate Deep LSTM Model for Different Latitudes and Solar Activity by Nayana Shenvi, Hassanali Virani

“…The results showed an accuracy improvement of 70% and 64% over MLP during the solar quiet and active years, respectively. The prediction accuracy of our LSTM model was also 74% better than MLP during the geomagnetic storm event. …”
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A Global Thermospheric Density Prediction Framework Based on a Deep Evidential Method by Yiran Wang, Xiaoli Bai

“…Global density estimations at altitudes from 200 to 550 km are also presented and compared with empirical models on both quiet and storm conditions.…”
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