«Islamic Socialism» in Pakistan: Evolution, Implementation and Legacy in Domestic and Foreign Policy by G. G. Makarevich

“…Focused on the tenure of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971-1977), the article examines the implementation of the "Islamic socialism" policy and the subsequent reasons for its failure, culminating in a military coup. The author contends that the principles of "Islamic socialism" introduced in Pakistan's domestic and foreign policy retained relevance even after its rejection.Conclusively, the article posits that the "Islamic socialism" constructed by Pakistani elites, often viewed through an orientalist lens, emerged not only as a response to the crisis in Pakistani statehood but paradoxically, became a crucial driver in shaping Islamabad's foreign policy determinants. …”
Get full text

The Pact of Baghdad on Account of its Effect to Relationship of Turkish - Arabian by Mustafa Bostancı

“…Iraq Government officially announced its secession from Baghdad Pact in 1959 upon the military coup of General Kasım, which was replaced by a new convention including the USA with the new center in Ankara. …”
Get full text