Multiplicative polynomials and Fermat's little theorem for non-primes by Paul Milnes, C. Stanley-Albarda

“…Fermat's Little Theorem states that xp=x(modp) for x∈N and prime p, and so identifies an integer-valued polynomial (IVP) gp(x)=(xp−x)/p. …”
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Cyclotomic equations and square properties in rings by Benjamin Fine

“…If R is a ring, the structure of the projective special linear group PSL2(R) is used to investigate the existence of sum of square properties holding in R. Rings which satisfy Fermat's two-square theorem are called sum of squares rings and have been studied previously. …”
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On Simple Graphs Arising from Exponential Congruences by M. Aslam Malik, M. Khalid Mahmood

“…It is shown that the graph G(n) has 2r components. Further, it is proved that the component Γp of the simple graph G(p2) is a tree with root at zero, and if n is a Fermat's prime, then the component Γϕ(n) of the simple graph G(n) is complete.…”
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