The Constraint Function Response Shifting Scalar-Based Optimization Method for the Reliability-Based Dynamic Optimization Problem by Ping Qiao, Qi Zhang, Yizhong Wu

“…Specifically, the shift scalar CFRSS is calculated by the probability density function of the constraint function response and deducted for probabilistic constraints in the constraint function response space to move the violated constraints toward the reliable region, avoiding solving large-scale optimization problems in the control variable space. …”
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Clustering of cantons in Costa Rica based on interest variables during the beta variant of Covid-19 by Isaí Ugalde-Araya

“…It was identified that the method and distance that formed the most compact cantonal clusters with lower intragroup variability were k-medoids and Manhattan, respectively, due to their greater robustness against extreme values. …”
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Design and Research on the Variable Polar Distance of the Double-Sided Linear Induction Motor for Electromagnetic Catapult by Xijun Liu, Hao Zhao, Houlong Ai, Zelin Chen

“…Compared with the traditional constant pole motor structure, this structure can gradually increase the pole distance with an increase in speed when the current frequency remains unchanged. In contrast, the variable pole distance method with a current frequency of 200 Hz has a pole distance of 0.262 m when the displacement is 10 m, and the pole distance increases to 0.352 m when the displacement is 100 m. …”
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SPECIAL FEATURES OF MAGNETIC PULSE HARDENING PROCESSING OF STEEL CYLINDRICAL PRODUCTS OF VARIABLE CROSS-SECTION by A. V. Alifanov, D. A. Tsionenko, A. M. Miliukova, A. I. Harchanin, V. V. Maleronak

“…The calculations of the magnetic field induction and the magnetic field intensity were carried out by the Finite Element Method (FEM) with the use of the software FEMM. The cylindrical inductor of the Magnetic-Pulse Installation (MPI) generates the magnetic field near the surface of the cylindrical steel product as of the uniform as well as variable cross section. …”
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A Mixed Approach for Determination of Initial Cable Forces in Cable-Stayed Bridges and the Parameters Variability by Antonino Recupero, Michele Fabio Granata

“…By approximating the probability density distribution of the variables involved by the Gaussian curve, a closed form expression of the imposed elongations given to stays and their variations during erection is provided. …”
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Radiative heat and mass transfer of second-grade nanofluid slip flow with variable thermal properties by Zia Ullah, Md. Mahbub Alam, Aamir Abbas Khan, Shalan Alkarni, Feyisa Edosa Merga

“…The objective of this study is to provide deeper insights into how these variables influence fluid flow characteristics and heat transfer in nanofluid. …”
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A computational and experimental method for determining the initial conditions of motion of foreign objects interacting with a surface vortex by E. V. Neskoromnyy, S. A. Borozdin, A. I. Yevdokimov

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Significance of dissipative flow on a second-grade nanofluid with variable thermal properties on the stretching surface by Zia Ullah, Aamir Abbas Khan, Shalan Alkarni, Abhinav Kumar, N. Beemkumar, Tushar Aggarwal, Ashwin Jacob, Jajneswar Nanda, Feyisa Edosa Merga

“…The conclusions of physical attributes on temperature, velocity, and mass transportation are graphically represented using these methods. These parameters include heat production, variable thermal conductivity, second-order fluid properties, the Eckert number, Brownian motion, Prandtl number, thermophoresis, and the Lewis number. …”
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Performance of homozygosity by descent in two mice lines divergently selected for birth weight environmental variability by Candela Ojeda-Marín, Juan Pablo Gutiérrez, Nora Formoso-Rafferty, Isabel Cervantes

“…As a result of an experiment of divergent selection for birth weight environmental variability two lines were created: high variability line (H-Line) and low variability line (L-Line). …”
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An Explainable CatBoost Model for Crater Classification Based on Digital Elevation Model by Minghao Zhu, Jialong Lai, Xiaoping Zhang, Yi Xu, Weidong He

“…These variables include those from previous research as well as new ones introduced here, such as slope and density with Gaussian summation. …”
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Variabilidade espacial da textura e da densidade de partículas em um solo aluvial no Município de Lavras, MG Spatial variability of the texture and particle density in an alluvial... by Edson S. Eguchi, Elio L. da Silva, Marcelo S. de Oliveira

“…Classical statistical and geostatistical methods were used to identify size and structure of the variability. …”
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Mapping Spatial Variability of Sugarcane Foliar Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Chlorophyll Concentrations Using Remote Sensing by Ericka F. Picado, Kerin F. Romero, Muditha K. Heenkenda

“…The spectral profiles helped to identify areas with visual differences. Spatial variability of nutrient maps confirmed that moisture presence leads to nitrogen and potassium deficiencies, excess phosphorus, and a reduction in vegetation density (93.82%) and height (2.09 m), compared to green, healthy vegetation (97.64% density and 3.11 m in height). …”
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Radiation Effects in Flow through Porous Medium over a Rotating Disk with Variable Fluid Properties by Shalini Jain, Shweta Bohra

“…Transformed system of equations is solved numerically by using Runge-Kutta method with shooting technique. Effects of various parameters such as porosity parameter K, suction parameter Ws, rotational Reynolds number Re, Knudsen number Kn, Prandtl number Pr, radiation parameter N, and relative temperature difference parameter ε on velocity profiles along radial, tangential, and axial direction and temperature distribution are investigated for both variable fluid properties and constant fluid properties. …”
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Variability of Foveal Avascular Zone Measurements Among Filipino Eyes Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography by Roberto Luis F. Franco, MD, DPBO, Carlo Antonino L. Nasol, MD, DPBO, FPCS

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25-hydroxyvitamin D as a predictor of reduced heart rate variability in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus by Tiantian Tang, Xinyu Sun, Xiaoxiang Zhang, Jiaojiao Li, Manjie Wang, Cancan Hui, Yuwei Cheng, Xiaoming Kong, Yan Sun

“…ObjectiveTo analyze the risk factors for decreased heart rate variability (HRV) in elderly diabetic patients and evaluate the predictive value of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH)D].MethodsA retrospective study was conducted, enrolling 101 elderly diabetic patients admitted to the Department of Geriatric Endocrinology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from 2023 to 2024. …”
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Upper-Bound Analysis of Slope Reliability Considering Anisotropic Spatial Variability and Reinforcement with Anti-slide Piles by ZHAO Zi-hao, WANG Jia-rui, FU Tao-tao, ZHU En-lin

“…ObjectiveAccurately assessing the probability of slope failure induced by anisotropic spatial variability of soil is crucial for slope reinforcement and risk evaluation. …”
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Using Lyα Absorption to Measure the Intensity and Variability of z ∼ 2.4 Ultraviolet Background Light by Laurel H. Weiss, Karl Gebhardt, Dustin Davis, Erin Mentuch Cooper, Maja Lujan Niemeyer, Mahdi Qezlou, Mahan Mirza Khanlari, Robin Ciardullo, Daniel Farrow, Eric Gawiser, Simon Gazagnes, Caryl Gronwall, Gary J. Hill, Donald P. Schneider

“…Thanks to the wide area of this survey, we also measure the variability of this light across the sky. The data suggest an asymmetric geometry where integrated UV light from background galaxies is absorbed by H i within the halo of a foreground galaxy, in a configuration similar to damped Ly α systems. …”
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Coherence Analysis for Vibration Monitoring Under High Variability Conditions: Constraints for Cultural Heritage Preventive Conservation by Claudia Pirrotta, Anna Maria Gueli, Carlo Trigona, Sebastiano Imposa

“…In highly variable vibrational environments, such as cultural heritage sites, stadiums, and transportation hubs, these methods often prove inadequate, leading to false modal identification. …”
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Enhanced resolution capability of SWOT sea surface height measurements and their application in monitoring ocean dynamics variability by Y. Wang, S. Zhang, Y. Jia

“…The wavenumber power spectral density (PSD) of sea surface height (SSH) was averaged using weighted methods across multiple along-track profiles within defined boxes. …”
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An Improved Gaussian Mixture Model-Based Data Normalization Method for Removing Environmental Effects on Damage Detection of Structures by Xue-Yang Pei, Hai-Bin Huang, Peng Cao

“…Subsequently, Hotelling’s T2 statistic and its cumulative form are calculated for the damage features and designated as the damage indicators; meanwhile, the corresponding damage thresholds are also calculated according to the kernel density estimation technique. To validate the proposed method, two case studies are conducted: one with a numerical mass-spring system and the other with a real bridge structure. …”
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