Statistical Features of Polar Cap North and South Indices in Response to Interplanetary and Terrestrial Conditions: A Revisit by Jong‐Sun Park, Quan Qi Shi, Oleg A. Troshichev, Khan‐Hyuk Kim, Jih‐Hong Shue, Timo Pitkänen, Hui Zhang

“…The concurrent PCN‐PCS pairs for 1998–2002 and 2004–2018 are divided based on their sign type (positive‐positive, negative‐negative, negative‐positive, and positive‐negative PCN‐PCS pairs) and time coverage (the times when both index stations are in the dawn/dusk MLT sector during northern summer/winter). Analyzing the IMF orientation dependence on the occurrence probabilities of concurrent indices and on the differences between the indices in various sign types for each time coverage reveals that the statistical features in PCN‐PCS pairs obtained in the dawn MLT sector can be largely explained by the effects of the three‐component IMF (related to the polar cap convection patterns) combined with season (related to the hemispheric asymmetry in solar illumination‐induced ionospheric conductance). …”
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FreshWater Watch: Investigating the Health of Freshwater Ecosystems, from the Bottom Up by Isabel Bishop, Amedeo Boldrini, Wim Clymans, Charlotte Hall, Heather Moorhouse, Stephen Parkinson, Kesella Scott-Somme, Ian Thornhill, Steven Loiselle

“…Seasonally, nitrate concentrations reach a maximum in spring and autumn in temperate regions, while phosphate levels are highest in summer and autumn, reaching a minimum in winter. We also found that observations of algal blooms coincided with periods of lower nitrate concentrations. …”
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Multi-environment field trials for wheat yield, stability and breeding progress in Germany by Tien-Cheng Wang, Till Rose, Holger Zetzsche, Agim Ballvora, Wolfgang Friedt, Henning Kage, Jens Léon, Carolin Lichthardt, Frank Ordon, Rod J Snowdon, Andreas Stahl, Hartmut Stützel, Benjamin Wittkop, Tsu-Wei Chen

“…Here, we present a MET dataset for winter wheat in Germany. The dataset encompasses MET spanning six years (2015–2020), six locations and nine crop management scenarios (consisting of combinations for three treatments, unbalanced in each location and year) comparing 228 cultivars released between 1963 and 2016, amounting to a total of 526,751 data points covering 24 traits. …”
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Distribution and Main Influencing Factors of Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange in Typical Vegetation Ecosystems of Southern China by Yike Wang, Xia Liu, Weijia Lan, Shuxian Yin, Liya Fan, Boru Mai, Xuejiao Deng

“…The results showed that (1) the NEE of ECFEs was highest in winter and lowest in summer, with an annual average of –4.21 ± 0.44 μmol m-2 s-1. …”
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Non-negligible impact of Stokes drift and wave-driven Eulerian currents on simulated surface particle dispersal in the Mediterranean Sea by S. Rühs, S. Rühs, T. van den Bremer, E. Clementi, M. C. Denes, A. Moulin, E. van Sebille

“…We find that the representation of surface waves tends to increase the simulated mean Lagrangian surface drift speed in winter through the dominant impact of Stokes drift and tends to decrease the mean Lagrangian surface drift speed in summer through the dominant impact of wave-driven Eulerian currents. …”
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Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5-bound Components in Beijing, China during 2013–2015 by Tianchu Zhang, Yangfan Chen, Xiaohong Xu

“…The seasonal variations in PM2.5 mass concentrations, risks, as well as source and element contributions were largely due to increased coal combustion in winter.…”
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Analyzing the rainfed wheat yield gap in Northwest Iran by Arash Mohammadzadeh, Yaser Azimzadeh, Ramin Lotfi, Esmail Zadhasan, Khoshnood Alizadeh, Hamid Hassaneian Khoshro

“…For this purpose, an on-farm survey was conducted in 210 rainfed winter wheat fields in East Azerbaijan province during the 2020–21 cropping season. …”
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Study on the Influence of Regional Transportation on PM2.5 Based on the RAMS-CMAQ Model in Weihai, a Typical Coastal City of Northern China by Wentao Ning, Zhiwen Xing, Min Wei, Mingyan Li, Meigen Zhang, Houfeng Liu

“…However, heavy pollution events still occurred in winter and spring. In this study, the Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM), a source analysis tool coupled with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System and the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (RAMS–CMAQ), was used to quantify the contribution of regional transport to PM2.5 and its main components in Weihai during February to March in 2018. …”
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Mallard Hybridization With Domesticated Lineages Alters Spring Migration Behavior and Timing by Nicholas W. Bakner, Nicholas M. Masto, Philip Lavretsky, Cory J. Highway, Allison C. Keever, Abigail G. Blake‐Bradshaw, Ryan J. Askren, Heath M. Hagy, Jamie C. Feddersen, Douglas C. Osborne, Bradley S. Cohen

“…We aimed to investigate differences in spring migratory behavior among 296 GPS‐tagged mallards captured during winter in Tennessee and Arkansas with varying levels of hybridization. …”
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Spatiotemporal Variations of PM2.5 and O3 Relationship during 2014–2021 in Eastern China by Yasong Li, Tijian Wang, Qin’geng Wang, Yawei Qu, Hao Wu, Min Xie, Mengmeng Li, Shu Li, Bingliang Zhuang

“…These two pollutants displayed a positive correlation during the spring and summer seasons while demonstrating a negative correlation in the autumn and winter seasons. Spatially, Anhui was exhibiting more severe PM2.5 pollution, and Jiangsu was experiencing more pronounced O3 pollution. …”
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Diversity of new Russian bread wheat cultivars according to leaf rust resistance genes by E. I. Gultyaeva, E. L. Shaydayuk, V. V. Veselova, R. E. Smirnova, E. V. Zuev, A. G. Khakimova, O. P. Mitrofanova

“…The material included 18 cultivars of winter bread wheat and nine spring ones. Juvenile resistance in the seedling phase was assessed with two test clones (kLr9 и kLr19) and the Krasnodar population of Puccinia triticina Erikss. …”
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Deformed wing virus coopts the host arginine kinase to enhance its fitness in honey bees (Apis mellifera) by Andrea Becchimanzi, Giovanna De Leva, Rosanna Mattossovich, Serena Camerini, Marialuisa Casella, Giovanni Jesu, Ilaria Di Lelio, Sabrina Di Giorgi, Joachim R. de Miranda, Anna Valenti, Silvia Gigliotti, Francesco Pennacchio

“…Abstract Background Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a major honey bee pathogen that is actively transmitted by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor and plays a primary role in Apis mellifera winter colony losses. Despite intense investigation on this pollinator, which has a unique environmental and economic importance, the mechanisms underlying the molecular interactions between DWV and honey bees are still poorly understood. …”
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Modeling TEC Maps Over China Using Particle Swarm Optimization Neural Networks and Long‐Term Ground‐Based GPS, COSMIC, and Fengyun Data by Shuangshuang Shi, Kefei Zhang, Jiaqi Shi, Andong Hu, Dongsheng Zhao, Zhongchao Shi, Peng Sun, Huajing Wu, Suqin Wu

“…The improvements made by the new model over the BP‐NN and IRI‐2016 models in the equinox, summer, and winter seasons of the solar maximum year (2015) are 4%–20%/20%–36%, 9%–21%/26%–42%, and 6%–22%/21%–43%, respectively, and their corresponding results in the solar minimum year (2019) are 12%–24%/41%–59%, 9%–24%/28%–56%, and 10%–26%/53%–72%. …”
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Divergent Responses of Grassland Productivity to Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations Across Ecoregions on the Mongolian Plateau by Cuicui Jiao, Xiaobo Yi, Ji Luo, Ying Wang, Yuanjie Deng, Xiao Guo

“…When considering seasonal variances, winter TCs dominated ANPP variations in the Selenge–Orkhon forest steppe, Daurian forest steppe, and Khangai Mountains alpine meadow ecoregions. …”
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Research on the treatment efficiency of improved sequential batch integrated wastewater equipment by MA Haibo, MIAO Liyong, XIAO Bo, LIU Zhijie, JIANG Xiaoyu, RONG Yi, REN Wuang

“…The removal rates of COD, NH4+-N, TP, and TN in the effluent were 92.8%, 95.7%, 93.0% and 77.8% in the summer and 89.8%, 89.3%, 91.6% and 72.3% in the winter, respectively. COD, NH4+-N, and TN satisfied “Discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plant”(GB 18918-2002) the class A standards, whereas TP met the class B standards. …”
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Soviet Politics and Diplomacy in the Far East: Strategies and Alliances on the Eve of and During World War II by Yu. A. Dubinin

“…Finally, the period spanning from the winter to the summer of 1945 emerged as a pivotal juncture. …”
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Prevalence and density of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi larvae in faecal samples of semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Norway 2013-16 by Terje Domaas Josefsen, Torill Mørk, Ingebjørg Helena Nymo, Javier Sanchez Romano, Morten Tryland

“…In the present study, faecal samples were collected over three winter seasons (2013–2016) from eight herds of semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) distributed all over the reindeer herding area in Norway. …”
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Distributions, Sources, and Backward Trajectories of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Lake Small Baiyangdian, Northern China by Ning Qin, Xiang-Zhen Kong, Ying Zhu, Wei He, Qi-Shuang He, Bin Yang, Hui-Ling Ou-Yang, Wen-Xiu Liu, Qing-Mei Wang, Fu-Liu Xu

“…The following results were obtained: (1) The total concentration of 16 priority controlled PAHs (PAH16) in the gas phase was 417.2±299.8 ng·m−3, in the particulate phase was 150.9±99.2 ng·m−3, and in dust fall was 6930.2±3206.5 ng·g−1. (2) Vehicle emission, coal combustion, and biomass combustion were the major sources in the Small Baiyangdian atmosphere and accounted for 28.9%, 45.1% and 26.0% of the total PAHs, respectively. (3) Winter was dominated by relatively greater PAHs polluted northwesterly air mass pathways. …”
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Water Quality Assessment of Rivers in Aquatic Eco-environmental Function Regions in Changzhou City by WANG Xuesong, ZHANG Ge, LI Ying, XU Jinqian, CAI Yongjiu

“…In 2018,57 monitoring sections were arranged for a quarterly water quality survey in Changzhou,which can help grasp the water quality of 13 aquatic eco-environmental function regions.The current situation,characteristics of spatial heterogeneity,and seasonal changing laws of main water quality indicators are evaluated by multiple methods such as the water quality grade analysis,comprehensive water quality identification index (WQII) method,redundancy analysis,and principal component analysis.In this way,we can explore the major influencing factors of water quality.The results are as follows:① In 2018,the water quality of rivers in Changzhou City was mainly classified as Grade IV according to the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838—2002),which indicates the poor water quality.② The results show significant spatio-temporal difference in the concentration of main water quality indicators,and the water quality in the western hills is better than that in the eastern plains.The grade of water quality is higher in summer and autumn than in spring and winter.③ From the perspective of aquatic eco-environmental function regions,the water quality of III-09 (ecologically Grade III), IV-02 (ecologically Grade IV),and IV-03 (ecologically Grade IV) regions in the eastern urban area is poor,while the water quality of I-02 (ecologically Grade I), II-01 (ecologically Grade II),III-08 (ecologically Grade III) regions in the west is good.The grades of aquatic eco-environmental function regions are highly consistent with the water quality,which proves that the function regions can provide scientific reference for the monitoring, assessment,and environmental management of water quality.④ The redundancy analysis shows that the land for construction is the main influencing factor in the deterioration of water quality.The increase in the relative proportion of arable land and the decrease in the aquatic area closely correlate with the deterioration of water quality when the scale is over 2,000 m.⑤ The principal component analysis indicates that the five-day biochemical oxygen demand,COD,and permanganate index have high interpretation rates.This shows that the water quality of rivers in Changzhou City is mainly affected by organic pollution and eutrophication. …”
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Diversity and Conservation Status of Large Mammals in Ghamot National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan by Muhammad Jahangeer, Siddique Muhammad, Muhammad Shakeel, Mir Muhammad Saleem, Ali Usman, Hussain Abid

“…Summer had the most direct and indirect observations (n=86; 50.29%), followed by winter (n=85; 49.70%). (4.28). Season had little effect on species richness, diversity, and composition across or within habitat types. …”
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