Identification and Pathogenicity of Causal Agents of Apple Canker Disease in Kazakhstan by Zhanar Tulegenova, Ulbike Amanbayeva, Aida M. Shalabayeva, Dina Yelyubayeva, Alikhan Zhaxylykov, Rabiga Uakhit, Ainura Smagulova, Vladimir Kiyan, Kazbek Dyussembayev, Gulzhamal Mukiyanova

“…Moreover, a pathogenicity test was conducted on detached twigs, and it demonstrated that two of these fungi were highly virulent. Overall, this paper is a first report of the causal agents of apple canker disease in Kazakhstan and could be a trigger for conducting future studies to better understand the disease epidemiology, as well as build management strategies.…”
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BVDV comprehensive studies and species identification in high-yielding livestock populations in the Sverdlovsk Oblast by N. A. Bezborodova, V. V. Kozhukhovskaya, E. V. Pechura, N. A. Martynov, O G. Tomskikh, A. N. Vasilyeva

“…Based on typing results, the virus isolates detected in four samples (nasopharyngeal swabs of calves, suspension prepared from aborted fetus organs and placenta) were classified as BVDV-1 virulent genotypes. The BVDV RNA, Mycoplasma bovis and Chlamydophila pecorum DNAs were detected simultaneously in 44% of vaginal swab samples from aborted cows and, in single cases, in the placenta and parenchymatous organs of dead calves; BVDV RNA and Bovine herpesvirus type 1 DNA were detected in 16% of pathological samples from dead calves. …”
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Genetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of neuraminidase gene of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N8 virus isolates recovered in the Russian Federation in 2020 by P. B. Akshalova, N. G. Zinyakov, A. V. Andriyasov, P. D. Zhestkov, Z. B. Nikonova, S. N. Kolosov, I. A. Chvala

“…Avian influenza is a highly dangerous viral disease that causes huge economic damage to poultry farming. Currently, highly virulent influenza virus with N8 neur- aminidase subtype is quite often detected in populations of domestic and wild birds in various countries of the world. …”
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Comparative testing of vaccines based on viruses of genetic lineages G1 and Y280 for their potency against low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 by S. V. Frolov, L. O. Scherbakova, N. V. Moroz, V. N. Irza, V. Yu. Kulakov

“…The level of inhibition (reduction) of the virulent LPAI virus genome synthesis in vaccinated birds following their challenge with H9N2 virus of genetic lineage G1 was higher in birds following homologous vaccination, while the time periods of the genome detection in the biomaterial samples were the same. …”
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Coculture with Eastern oysters is unlikely to reduce OsHV-1 impacts to farmed Pacific oysters: A modelling approach by Familusi Oluwatosin Adekunle, Gorka Bidegain, Tal Ben-Horin

“…In recent decades, the global expansion of Pacific oyster Magallana gigas aquaculture, driven by this species’ adaptability and rapid growth, has coincided with the emergence of novel and virulent microvariants (muvars) of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), causing significant industry losses. …”
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CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Editing of a <i>NODULATION SIGNALING PATHWAY 1</i> Homolog Alters the Production of Strigolactones in Sunflower Roots by Maria A. Lebedeva, Maria S. Gancheva, Maksim R. Losev, Sofia V. Sokornova, Oleg S. Yuzikhin, Anna A. Krutikova, Kirill V. Plemyashov, Lyudmila A. Lutova

“…However, the selection of new resistant sunflower varieties was accompanied by the emergence of new virulent races of broomrape, which overcame the effect of resistance genes. …”
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Variability of daily feed intake as an indicator of resilience in Pietrain pigs by C. Casto-Rebollo, P. Nuñez, S. Gol, J. Reixach, N. Ibáñez-Escriche

“…Furthermore, a preliminary mortality study was carried out using data from 6 889 progeny of 55 boars on farms catalogued as virulent for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. …”
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Evaluating passive immunity in piglets from sows vaccinated with a PEDV S protein subunit vaccine by Jiajia Liu, Jiajia Liu, Guangli Hu, Shengjin Liu, Guangcai Ren, Liguo Gao, Liguo Gao, Zhiqing Zhao, Rui Geng, Dingli Wang, Xiao Shen, Feng Chen, Hanqin Shen, Hanqin Shen

“…Piglets born to immunized sows were challenged with a virulent PEDV strain. Piglets from the subunit vaccine group exhibited lower viral shedding, reduced clinical symptoms, and minimal intestinal lesions. …”
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Characterization of pathogenic bacteria in eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor by Dinamella Wahjuningrum, Acep Muhamad Hidayat, Tatag Budiardi

“…Koch’s postulates test proved that the Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae were virulent to Anguilla bicolor bicolor.  Thus, A.hydrophila and S. agalactiae were disease-causing agent bacteria in eel.   …”
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Hepatitis due to Coxsackie A virus in an adult: a case report by Likith Surendra, Varun Sharma, Milan Sivakumar, Tara Lanzendorf, Thomas C. Varkey, Kaivan Salehpour

“…Given the patient’s history of potential autoimmune and tramadol-induced hepatocyte damage, our case suggests that Coxsackie A may be more virulent in a patient with underlying liver vulnerability. …”
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The Generation and Characterization of Recombinant Protein and Antibodies of Clostridium perfringens Beta2 Toxin by Jin Zeng, Fuyang Song, Yi Yang, Chenjie Ma, Guangcun Deng, Yong Li, Yujiong Wang, Xiaoming Liu

“…Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) beta2 toxin (CPB2) is an important virulent factor of necrotic enteritis in both animals and humans. …”
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Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Novel Recombinant BCG Strain Overexpressing Antigens Ag85A and Ag85B by Chun Wang, Ruiling Fu, Zhenhua Chen, Kun Tan, Lingxia Chen, Xindong Teng, Jia Lu, Chunwei Shi, Xionglin Fan

“…In this study, three rBCG strains overexpressing immunodominant antigens Ag85B (rBCG::85B), Ag85A (rBCG::85A), or both (rBCG::AB) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were constructed, respectively. rBCG strains showed higher level of overexpression of Ag85A and/or Ag85B proteins than BCG containing empty vector pMV261(rBCG::261), which had low levels of endogenous expression of both proteins as expected. rBCG::AB strain could provide the strongest short-term and long-term protection in the lung against intravenous infection with virulent M. tuberculosis than rBCG::261 control and other two rBCG strains overexpressing single antigen. …”
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The Central Role and Possible Mechanisms of Bacterial DNAs in Sepsis Development by Zhenxing Cheng, Simon T. Abrams, James Austin, Julien Toh, Susan Siyu Wang, Zhi Wang, Qian Yu, Weiping Yu, Cheng Hock Toh, Guozheng Wang

“…Priming animals with bacterial DNAs facilitate other pathological factors, such as LPS and other virulent factors, to induce severe disease and lethality. …”
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Clinical assessment and transcriptome analysis of host immune responses in a vaccination-challenge study using a glycoprotein G deletion mutant vaccine strain of infectious laryngo... by Gayathri Gopakumar, Mauricio J. C. Coppo, Mauricio J. C. Coppo, Andrés Diaz-Méndez, Carol A. Hartley, Joanne M. Devlin

“…Tracheal transcriptomes after challenge with virulent ILTV were compared between groups of the non-vaccinated-challenged and the vaccinated-challenged as well as the non-vaccinated-challenged and the uninfected chickens at 4 to 5 days post-challenge. …”
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Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa by Keneth Iceland, Kasozi, Zirintunda, Gerald, Ssempijja, Fred, Buyinza, Bridget, Alzahrani, Khalid J., Matama, Kevin, Nakimbugwe, Helen N., Alkazmi, Luay, Onanyang, David, Bogere, Paul, Ochieng, Juma John, Islam, Saher, Matovu, Wycliff, Nalumenya, David Paul, Batiha, Gaber El-Saber, Osuwat, Lawrence Obado, Abdelhamid, Mahmoud, Shen, Tianren, Omadang, Leonard, Welburn, Susan Christina

“…Wildlife animal species serve as long-term reservoirs of infection, but the delicate acquired balance between trypanotolerance and trypanosome challenge can be disrupted by an increase in challenge and/or the introduction of new more virulent species into the ecosystem. There is a need to protect wildlife, animal, and human populations from the infectious consequences of encroachment to preserve and protect these populations. …”
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Development of a recombinant infectious bronchitis virus vaccine expressing infectious laryngotracheitis virus multiple epitopes by Guanming Shao, Jun Fu, Yun Pan, Shiying Gong, Chaoyi Song, Sheng Chen, Keyu Feng, Xinheng Zhang, Qingmei Xie

“…Clinical observations and scoring of clinical signs in the vaccination-challenge experiment showed that rH120-Δ5ab-gD-T/B provided 90% protection against virulent ILTV, effectively alleviating clinical signs caused by infection with a virulent strain of ILTV. …”
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Lines resistant to downy mildew in the sunflower genetic collection at VIR by V. A. Gavrilova, T. G. Stupnikova, L. G. Makarova, N. V. Alpatieva, Yu. I. Karabitsina, E. B. Kuznetsova, I. A. Anisimova

“…Thirty-nine lines were resistant in 2016 and 2018; among those, 36 lines were susceptible in 2017. Presumably, a more virulent P. halstedii race became widespread in 2017, compared to the races that prevailed in 2016 and 2018, so the genes that determined resistance in 2016 and 2018 turned out to be ineffective. …”
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The immunogenicity of PRV ΔgE/TK/UL49.5 three-gene-deleted vaccine in mice by Chenmeng Ding, Yawei Sun, Xianfeng Zhang, Mengmeng Shi, Han Yang, Xin Zhou, Shuangshuang Li, Yongtao Li, Xia Yang, Linyang Yu, Lu Chen

“…Immunized mice could induce high levels of serum neutralization antibodies and immune cytokines, including IFN-γ and IL-4, which could provide complete protection against virulent PRV challenge. No obvious pathological damage was observed in lung, brain and trigeminal ganglion of mice immunized with PRV ΔgE/TK/UL49.5, and the tissue viral load was the lowest. …”
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Fatal toxoplasmic encephalitis triggered by anti-TNF therapy by Rodrigo A. Montoro, Michael Moran, Katherine A. Overmyer, Andrew Periaccante, Joshua J. Coon, Swapnil Lanjewar, Laura J. Knoll, Rob Striker

“…Second, some strains of T. gondii are more virulent than others. Post-mortem mass spectrometry and proteomic analysis of her cerebrospinal fluid show several T. gondii peptides. …”
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Genetic characterization of clinical <I>Klebsiella</I> isolates circulating in Novosibirsk by A. V. Bardasheva, N. V. Fomenko, T. V. Kalymbetova, I. V. Babkin, S. O. Chretien, E. V. Zhirakovskaya, N. V. Tikunova, V. V. Morozova

“…By molecular serotyping using the wzi gene sequence, K. pneumoniae strains were assigned to twenty-one K-serotypes with a high proportion of virulent K1- and K2-serotypes. It was found that K. pneumoniae strains isolated from the hospitalized patients had a higher resistance to antibiotics compared to the other Klebsiella species. …”
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