The Inter-Relationship of Periostin, TGFβ, and BMP in Heart Valve Development and Valvular Heart Diseases by Simon J. Conway, Thomas Doetschman, Mohamad Azhar

“…Recent studies have suggested an important role for periostin and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands in heart valve formation and valvular heart diseases. …”
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Recent Advances in Understanding the Inflammatory Response in Malaria: A Review of the Dual Role of Cytokines by Gabriela Loredana Popa, Mircea Ioan Popa

“…Regulatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β and IL-10 maintain the balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. …”
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Decreased plasma gelsolin in the COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome by Gunturk Inayet, Seydel Gonul Seyda, Yazici Cevat, Topaloglu Ulas Serkan, Eren Esma, Yuksel Recep Civan

“…The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential roles of plasma gelsolin (pGSN), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) as profibrotic and immune modulatory markers in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and patients with mild to moderate disease.…”
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The immunoregulatory and allergy-associated cytokines in the aetiology of the otitis media with effusion by Marina G. Smirnova, John P. Birchall, Jeffrey P. Pearson

“…In this review we present cytokines identified in otitis media, immunoregulatory [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, transforming growth factor-β]) and allergy associated (IL-4, IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), as crucial molecular regulators, responsible for chronic inflammation in the middle ear and the chronic condition of OME.…”
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Inflammatory Mechanisms of Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane Formation by Malav Joshi, Shivi Agrawal, John Byron Christoforidis

“…Recent advances in proteomics techniques have also elucidated the growth factors and cytokines involved in iERM formation, most notably nerve growth factor, glial cell line-derived growth factor, and transforming growth factor β1.…”
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The four-dimensional Kirschner-Panetta type cancer model: How to obtain tumor eradication? by Alexander P. Krishchenko, Konstantin E. Starkov

“…In this paper we examine ultimate dynamics of the four-dimensional model describing interactions between tumor cells, effector immune cells, interleukin -2 and transforming growth factor-beta. This model was elaborated by Arciero et al. and is obtained from the Kirschner-Panetta type model by introducing two various treatments. …”
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Genetic Associations in Acquired Immune-Mediated Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes: Insights in Aplastic Anemia and Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia by Irene Mavroudi, Helen A. Papadaki

“…Various alleles and haplotypes of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecules have been implicated in the predisposition of developing the above diseases, as well as polymorphisms of inhibitory cytokines such as interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β1 along with polymorphisms on molecules of the immune system including the T-bet transcription factor and signal transducers and activators of transcription. …”
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Desmoplastic reaction in the microenvironment of head and neck and other solid tumors: the therapeutic barrier by Kohei Okuyama, Maiko Tsuchiya, Kala Chand Debnath, Shajedul Islam, Souichi Yanamoto

“…DR promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer cell invasion through CAF-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling and signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor-beta. DR also affects bone invasion and chemotherapy resistance by modulating stromal responses. …”
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Extracellular vesicles—a new player in the development of urinary bladder cancer by Damian Kasiński, Kamil Szeliski, Tomasz Drewa, Marta Pokrywczyńska

“…EVs isolated from urinary bladder cancer cells affect other lower-grade cancer cells or normal cells by inducing different metabolic pathways (transforming growth factor β/Smads pathway; phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway) that promote epithelial–mesenchymal transition. …”
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Cytokines that Modulate the Differentiation of Th17 Cells in Autoimmune Uveitis by Kailei Guo, Xiaomin Zhang

“…This article briefly describes the structures, mechanisms, and targeted drugs of cytokines—including interleukin (IL)-6, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), IL-1β, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, IL-2, IL-4, IL-21, and interferon (IFN)-γ—which have an important influence on the differentiation of Th17 cells and discusses their potential as therapeutic targets for treating autoimmune uveitis.…”
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Role of the TGF-β cytokine and its gene polymorphisms in asthma etiopathogenesis by Jacek Plichta, Michał Panek

“…Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a pluripotent cytokine expressed by all cells of the human body which plays important roles in maintaining homeostasis and allowing for proper individual development. …”
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T Helper 17 Cells in Autoimmune Liver Diseases by Masanori Abe, Yoichi Hiasa, Morikazu Onji

“…Because the liver is known to be an important source of transforming growth factor-β and IL-6, which are cytokines that are crucial for Th17 differentiation, it is very likely that Th17 cells contribute to liver inflammation and autoimmunity. …”
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Nucleus pulposus cell network modelling in the intervertebral disc by Sofia Tseranidou, Maria Segarra-Queralt, Francis Kiptengwer Chemorion, Christine Lyn Le Maitre, Janet Piñero, Jérôme Noailly

“…Model validation through published studies replicated pro-catabolic and pro-anabolic shifts, emphasizing the roles of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in ECM regulation. …”
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Anti-Arthritic Effect of the Hydroethanolic Root Extract of Psydrax subcordata in Rats by Phyllis Annan, Newman Osafo, Paul Poku Sampene Ossei, Wonder Kofi Mensah Abotsi

“…The effect of PSRE on oxidative markers and serum transforming growth factor (TGF) beta 1 was also determined via chemical assays. …”
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Advancing immunosuppression in liver transplantation: the role of regulatory T cells in immune modulation and graft tolerance by Ji Won Han, Su-Hyung Park

“…The liver’s distinct immunological microenvironment, characterized by tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells and high levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor-β, positions this organ as an ideal setting for Treg-mediated tolerance. …”
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TGF-β1/Smads and miR-21 in Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation by Agnieszka Loboda, Mateusz Sobczak, Alicja Jozkowicz, Jozef Dulak

“…On the molecular level, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-Smad3 signaling pathway plays a central role in fibrotic kidney disease. …”
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Injectable agents for the induction of Peyronie’s disease in model rats: a comparative study by Guang-Jun Du, Si-Yan Xing, Ning Wu, Tong Wang, Yue-Hui Jiang, Tao Song, Bai-Bing Yang, Yu-Tian Dai

“…In this study, we aimed to compare four injectable induction agents for the establishment of a robust rat model of PD: transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), fibrin, sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) combined with TGF-β1, and polidocanol (POL) combined with TGF-β1. …”
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Lactobacillus acidophilus Suppresses Colitis-Associated Activation of the IL-23/Th17 Axis by Linlin Chen, Yiyou Zou, Jie Peng, Fanggen Lu, Yani Yin, Fujun Li, Junwen Yang

“…The expression of interleukin- (IL-) 17, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), IL-23, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and phosphorylated (p)-STAT3 was examined by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical analysis. …”
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Calcium/Cobalt Alginate Beads as Functional Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering by Stefano Focaroli, Gabriella Teti, Viviana Salvatore, Isabella Orienti, Mirella Falconi

“…These novel chondrogenesis-promoting scaffolds take advantage of the synergy between the alginate matrix and Co+2 ions, without employing costly growth factors (e.g., transforming growth factor betas (TGF-βs) or bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)) to direct hADSC differentiation into cartilage-producing chondrocytes.…”
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A Review: Inflammatory Process in Alzheimer's Disease, Role of Cytokines by Jose Miguel Rubio-Perez, Juana Maria Morillas-Ruiz

“…By contrast, other cytokines such as IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β can suppress both proinflammatory cytokine production and their action, subsequently protecting the brain. …”
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