Insights into depolymerization of chitosan using acid hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and photocatalysis: A review by Nurul Amanina A. Suhaimi, Nur Batrisyia Amirul, Alessandra Anne Hasman, Nurulizzatul Ningsheh M. Shahri, Nur Nabaahah Roslan, Harry Lik Hock Lau, Cristina Pei Ying Kong, Eny Kusrini, Anwar Usman

“…This review summarizes physical, chemical, and biological properties of chitosan, and applications of this biopolymer especially in pharmaceutical formulation, medicine, biomedicine, agriculture, and wastewater treatment, and insights into methodology, mechanism, and advantages of depolymerization of chitosan using acid hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and photocatalysis, as well as their challenges and limitations in terms of environmental concerns, chemical structure conservation, controllability, and toxicity. The challenges in scaling up the photocatalytic depolymerization process is also discussed based on recovery, reusability, and regeneration of the photocatalysts along with a use of specific facet and morphology of photocatalysts, nanometer-sized multi-phase photocatalysts, and proper photoreactor design and parameters optimization in the photocatalytic depolymerization of chitosan in the future.…”
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Evaluating the Accumulation of Grain Mercury in Engineered Rice Lines Containing <i>merA</i> and <i>merB</i> Genes Under an Organic Mercury-Enriched Condition by Deyao Meng, Zhaoze Song, Jinyuan Liu, Liyang Ji, Chen Chen, Changhu Wang

“…To mitigate the issue, low-mercury germplasms in rice were developed by expressing bacterial <i>merA</i> and <i>merB</i> genes, which convert mercury to less toxic forms from its most hazardous organic form: methylmercury. …”
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Protective Effect of Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. Seed Oil on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity: A Biochemical and Histological Analysis by Mohamed Bouhrim, Noureddine Bencheikh, Hamada Imtara, Nour Elhouda Daoudi, Hamza Mechchate, Hayat Ouassou, Loubna Kharchoufa, Mostafa Elachouri, Hassane Mekhfi, Abderrahim Ziyyat, Abdelkhaleq Legssyer, Mohammed Aziz, Mohamed Bnouham

“…In addition, the results of the present study showed for the first time that Opuntia dillenii seed oil reduced renal toxicity in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. …”
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scPharm: Identifying Pharmacological Subpopulations of Single Cells for Precision Medicine in Cancers by Peng Tian, Jie Zheng, Keying Qiao, Yuxiao Fan, Yue Xu, Tao Wu, Shuting Chen, Yinuo Zhang, Bingyue Zhang, Chiara Ambrogio, Haiyun Wang

“…Additionally, scPharm predicted combination drug strategies by gauging compensation or booster effects between drugs and evaluated drug toxicity in healthy cells in the tumour microenvironment. …”
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Silver Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis Using an ATCC Reference Strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Activity as Broad Spectrum Clinical Antibacterial Agents by Melisa A. Quinteros, Ivana M. Aiassa Martínez, Pablo R. Dalmasso, Paulina L. Páez

“…In addition, these Ag-NPs showed negligible cytotoxic effect in human neutrophils suggesting low toxicity to the host.…”
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Biological Characteristics of Fluorescent Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Labeled Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells by Liang Ma, Ming-wei Li, Yu Bai, Hui-hui Guo, Sheng-chao Wang, Qing Yu

“…MTT showed that 12.5–50 μg/mL MIRB could promote cell proliferation and MIRB over 100 μg/mL exhibited toxic effect on hDPSCs. In vitro MRI showed that 1 × 106 cells labeled with various concentrations of MIRB (12.5–100 μg/mL) could be visualized. …”
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Homoharringtonine: mechanisms, clinical applications and research progress by Wen Wang, Lan He, Lan He, Ting Lin, Ting Lin, Ting Lin, Fulan Xiang, Yibin Wu, Fangliang Zhou, Fangliang Zhou, Fangliang Zhou, Yingchun He, Yingchun He, Yingchun He

“…These approaches not only improve HHT’s bioavailability in vivo but also enhance its targeting ability while reducing toxicity to normal cells. Furthermore, the combination of HHT with other drugs presents broader prospects for clinical treatment. …”
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Artesunate, EDTA, and colistin work synergistically against MCR-negative and -positive colistin-resistant Salmonella by Yajun Zhai, Peiyi Liu, Xueqin Hu, Changjian Fan, Xiaodie Cui, Qibiao He, Dandan He, Xiaoyuan Ma, Gongzheng Hu

“…The excellent bacteriostatic effect was primarily related to the increased cell membrane damage, accumulation of toxic compounds and inhibition of MCR-1. The potential binding sites of AS to MCR-1 (THR283, SER284, and TYR287) were critical for its inhibition of MCR-1 activity. …”
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Sulforaphane as a promising anti-caries agents: inhibitory effects on Streptococcus mutans and caries control in a rat model by Meijiao Yu, Meijiao Yu, Yu Chen, Yu Chen, Sishi Dong, Sishi Dong, Zhongxin Chen, Zhongxin Chen, Xuelian Jiang, Xuelian Jiang, Yufei Wang, Yufei Wang, Linglin Zhang, Linglin Zhang

“…Further investigation using a rat caries model displayed a prominent caries control in the SFN-treated group with no observed toxicity. The notable results demonstrated in this study highlight the potential of SFN as a natural substitute for current anti-caries agents, while also providing valuable insights into the potential applications of SFN in caries control.…”
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A Review on Complications and Management of Aluminium Phosphide (Rice Pill) and Zinc Phosphide Poisoning by Khadijeh Saravani, Anahita Alizadeh Ghamsari, Bita Dadpour, Alireza Ghassemi Toussi, Seyed Reza Mousavi, Farah Pouramiri

“…Results: According to the findings of most studies, aluminium  phosphide pills had the most adverse effects as toxic substances. Conclusion: Due to the prevalence of its consumption among young people with low education levels, there was a need for physicians to treat these patients as quickly as possible accurately. …”
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Amrubicin Monotherapy for Patients with Platinum-Refractory Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma by Takayuki Ando, Ayumu Hosokawa, Hiroki Yoshita, Akira Ueda, Shinya Kajiura, Hiroshi Mihara, Sohachi Nanjo, Haruka Fujinami, Jun Nishikawa, Kohei Ogawa, Takahiko Nakajima, Johji Imura, Toshiro Sugiyama

“…Among 22 patients with advanced gastroenteropancreatic NEC, 10 received amrubicin monotherapy between September 2007 and May 2014 after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy. The efficacy and toxicity of the treatment were analyzed retrospectively. …”
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Transcriptional Targeting of Mature Dendritic Cells with Adenoviral Vectors via a Modular Promoter System for Antigen Expression and Functional Manipulation by Ilka Knippertz, Andrea Deinzer, Jan Dörrie, Niels Schaft, Dirk M. Nettelbeck, Alexander Steinkasserer

“…As this involves overexpressing mHSF1, we first evaluated the resulting effects on DCs regarding upregulation of heat shock proteins and maturation markers, toxicity, cytokine profile, and capacity to induce antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. …”
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Rapid Screening Method for Detecting Ethinyl Estradiol in Natural Water Employing Voltammetry by Chalder Nogueira Nunes, Lucas Ely Pauluk, Maria Lurdes Felsner, Vanessa Egéa dos Anjos, Sueli Pércio Quináia

“…Current methods for the determination of this compound, such as chromatography, are expensive and lengthy and require large amounts of toxic organic solvents. In this work, a voltammetric procedure is developed and validated as a screening tool for detecting EE2 in water samples without prior extraction, clean-up, or derivatization steps. …”
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Polystyrene nanoparticles induce DNA damage and apoptosis in HeLa cells by Antonia Feola, Manoj Madheswaran, Grazia Romano, Awet Ghebretinsae Tewelde, Eunice Wairimu Maina, Gianluca D'Abrosca, Maria della Valle, Mariacristina Cocca, Maria Emanuela Errico, Carla Isernia, Roberto Fattorusso, MariaTeresa Gentile, Gaetano Malgieri

“…Humans are continuously exposed to NPs and several studies showed the potentially toxic effects of these latter on health. Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) are the prevalent form of nanoparticles found in the environment and their cellular uptake can cause cytotoxicity and structural alteration of biomolecules. …”
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Surveillance of Aflatoxin and Microbiota Related to Brewer's Grain Destined for Swine Feed in Argentina by Gisela A. Gerbaldo, Carina M. Pereyra, Lilia R. Cavaglieri, Francisco Ruiz, Liliana Pascual, Ana M. Dalcero, Isabel L. Barberis

“…Regular monitoring of feeds is required in order to prevent chronic and acute toxic syndromes related to this kind of contamination.…”
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Extraction of Nickel Oxide from Spent Catalyst for Environmentally Safe Disposal by Fakhri H. Ibraheem, Heavn E. Mahmood, Dunya I. Salih, Jafar M. Smil, Hawbash S. Ahamad, Fatin A. Salih

“…The paper aims to determine the kinds and amounts of toxic materials carried by the nickel oxide sulfur bed spent catalyst and then submit the suitable treatment methods, such as leaching by water, base solution, and acid solution. …”
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In Vivo Antimalarial Activity of 80% Methanol and Aqueous Bark Extracts of Terminalia brownii Fresen. (Combretaceae) against Plasmodium berghei in Mice by Hana Biruk, Biruk Sentayehu, Yonatan Alebachew, Wondmagegn Tamiru, Abebe Ejigu, Solomon Assefa

“…Results. The in vivo acute toxicity test indicated that both extracts of T. brownii did not cause mortality. …”
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The role of neutrophilia in hyperlactatemia, blood acidosis, impaired oxygen transport, and mortality outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients by Basma A. Yasseen, Aya A. Elkhodiry, Hajar El-sayed, Mona Zidan, Azza G. Kamel, Mohamed A. Badawy, Marwa S. Hamza, Riem M. El-Messiery, Mohamed El Ansary, Engy A. Abdel-Rahman, Engy A. Abdel-Rahman, Sameh S. Ali

“…It is generally assumed that organ damage causes toxic acidosis, but since neutrophil numbers in severe COVID-19 can exceed 80% of the total circulating leukocytes, we asked if metabolic acidosis mediated by the glycolytic neutrophils is associated with lung damage and impaired oxygen delivery in critically ill patients.MethodsBased on prospective mortality outcome, critically ill COVID-19 patients were divided into ICU- survivors and ICU-non-survivors. …”
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Understanding the impacts of drought on peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.): exploring physio-genetic mechanisms to develop drought-resilient peanut cultivars by Sameer Pokhrel, Prasanna Kharel, Swikriti Pandey, Stephanie Botton, Gema Takbir Nugraha, Corley Holbrook, Peggy Ozias-Akins

“…Peanuts under drought stress exhibit higher levels of pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination, a toxic fungal metabolite detrimental to both humans and animals. …”
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GC-MS analysis, antimicrobial and antiulcer evaluations of ginger-infused virgin coconut oil by Ibeabuchi Jude Ali, Okorie Ndidiamaka H, Adonu Cyril C, Omeh Romanus C, Obidiegwu Onyeka C, Okonkwo Raymond M, Okafor Judith O, Okoye Festus BC

“…The effect of GIVCO on tested organisms compared favorably to that of standard drugs. The acute toxicity study of GIVCO is atoxic. The antiulcer activity demonstrated a dose-dependent effect; at 100 mg/ml, the GIVCO protected the intestine with a %UI of 80 and 63 for ethanol and indomethacin model against the standard omeprazole with 50% UI. …”
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