The Effect of the Gap Spark Plug Electrode to The Performance of Motorcycle GL 200 D by Riza Muharni, Ade Ari Agasi, Muchlisinalahuddin Muchlisinalahuddin, Dytchia Septi Kesuma, Ade Usra Berli

Subjects: “…spark plug, electrode gap, torque, power…”
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Extending Lean Operating Limit and Reducing Emissions of Methane Spark-Ignited Engines Using a Microwave-Assisted Spark Plug by Vi H. Rapp, Anthony DeFilippo, Samveg Saxena, Jyh-Yuan Chen, Robert W. Dibble, Atsushi Nishiyama, Ahsa Moon, Yuji Ikeda

“…A microwave-assisted spark plug was used to extend the lean operating limit (lean limit) and reduce emissions of an engine burning methane-air. …”
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Comparative Analysis of the Effect Dual Spark Ignition and Single Spark Ignition on Performance and Exhaust Emissions in Bioethanol-Fueled Engines by Avita Ayu Permanasari, Ahmad Faizal Wahidin, Hasan Ismail, Erwin Komara, Poppy Puspitasari, Gina A. Lorenzo

Subjects: “…bioethanol, dual ignition, emissions, performance, spark plug…”
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Advanced HCCI Engines: Challenges and Potential Applications by Xie Mingyang

“…By igniting a homogeneous air-fuel mixture through compression without the need for a spark plug, HCCI engines achieve a more uniform and complete combustion process, resulting in lower NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions. …”
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Review of Pre-Ignition Research in Methanol Engines by Zhijie Li, Changhui Zhai, Xiaoxiao Zeng, Kui Shi, Xinbo Wu, Tianwei Ma, Yunliang Qi

“…Residual exhaust gas trapped within the spark plug can also initiate pre-ignition. Knocking, characterized by pressure oscillations, arises from the auto-ignition of hotspots in the end-gas or, potentially, from deflagration-to-detonation transition, although the latter requires further experimental validation. …”
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Effect of Airflow Temperature on the Formation of Initial Flame Kernel and the Propagation Characteristics of Flame by Jianzhong Li, Jian Chen, Li Yuan, Ge Hu

“…With the increase of the airflow temperature, the position, where the flame kernel is gradually formed, moves closer to the center of the end face of spark plug. The force of airflow on flame is the main factor that increases the flame area and heat-release rate. …”
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