From disagreement to rupture: the Soviet-Albanian conflict of 1960-1961 by K. K. Khudoley

“…Key findings include: 1) The conflict's primary catalysts were the divergent socialist models adopted by the USSR and Albania, coupled with the disparity in interests between the superpower and the bloc's smallest member; 2) The PLA's reluctance to conform to Soviet-style reforms was construed in Moscow as a challenge to the CPSU's hegemony within the global communist movement, while the PLA leadership viewed them as encroachments on its authority; 3) Disagreements pervaded all spheres, with ideology assuming heightened significance compared to conflicts with Yugoslavia; 4) External influences on the conflict's trajectory were marginal, with developments driven by internal dynamics, including Tirana's increasing alienation from the CPSU and the catalytic effect of deteriorating Soviet-Chinese relations; Western powers monitored events closely but refrained from direct intervention; 5) While objective factors underpinned the Soviet-Albanian discord, subjective elements were of secondary importance, yet pivotal in precipitating the conflict's acrimonious turn.…”
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ORGANIC FARMING: A RELIABLE STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN NEPAL by Sushmita Tiwari, Shreya Rai, Jasmin Adhikari, Samarth Bista

“…This sustainable farming method not only fosters soil health but also safeguards vital resources like water and promotes biodiversity by refraining from synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. …”
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Surgical management of metastatic lesions in the proximal femur: a systematic review by Afrim Iljazi, Mads Sten Andersen, Stig Brorson, Michael Mørk Petersen, Michala Skovlund Sørensen

“…Results: The quality of the included studies was low to moderate, with median scores of 6/16 for non-comparative studies and 10/24 for comparative studies. We therefore refrained from a comparative analysis. Revision rates varied between 0 and 12.4% following EPR (25 studies) and between 0 and 26.7% following IF, while implant removal rates ranged between 0 and 8.3% and 0 and 26.7%, respectively. …”
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Knowledge and understanding of information after taking decision to participate or not in a randomized trial of surgery vs radiotherapy among patients with locally advanced prostat... by Yvonne Brandberg, Olof Akre, Mia Bergenmar

“…In a randomized clinical trial, we investigated (1) differences in knowledge and understanding of trial information between patients who participated and those who refrained, (2) differences in perceptions of information, and (3) differences in satisfaction with the information. …”
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Web-Based Healthcare Delivery Integrated System to Forecast COVID-19 Hospitalizations in a Marginalized Patient Population: A Case Study in Broome County, New York by Anemone Kasasbeh, Elie Issa, Naseem Khan, Mehmet Yildirim, Amy Booth, Hiroki Sayama

“…Deploying this system resulted in better bed utilization, fewer elective surgery cancelations, and refrainment from reaching an 85% bed occupancy rate, which led to the suspension of elective surgeries. …”
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Do doctors and other healthcare professionals know overdiagnosis in screening and how are they dealing with it? A protocol for a mixed methods systematic review by Ann Van den Bruel, An De Sutter, Stefan Heytens, Veerle Piessens, Ann Van Hecke

“…Doctors and other healthcare professionals (HCPs) have the opportunity to mitigate these consequences, not only by informing their patients or the public but also by adjusting screening methods or even by refraining from screening. However, it is unclear to what extent HCPs are fully aware of overdiagnosis and whether it affects their screening decisions. …”
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Lutein administration during gestation protects morphine withdrawal-induced on reflexive motor behavior in mice offspring's by Sahand Sariaslani, Shahin Hassanpour, Bita Vazir

“…Fourteen male mice and 56 adult female mice were randomly assigned to seven groups: the control group containing male and female mice that refrained from morphine; group 2 was morphine-abstinent male mice and female mice with no prior drug exposure; group 3 including morphine-abstinent female mice and male mice without drug experience; and group 4 of drug-naïve male and female mice. …”
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EU fiscal governance and budget consolidation in Visegrád countries by Zh. N. Komissarova, E. A. Sergeev

“…On the other hand, the governments refrained from raising direct taxes due to their distortive character. …”
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Sports behaviour and adherence to sports and exercise recommendations in patients with myocarditis by Matthias Wilhelm, Christoph Gräni, Catherine Gebhard, Jonathan Schütze, Benedikt Bernhard, Noah Greisser, Philippe Joss, Sarah Manser, Anselm W Stark, Isaac Shiri, Maryam Pavlicek

“…Aim In the clinical setting of acute myocarditis, existing guidelines recommend refraining from moderate-intensity to high-intensity sports for 3–6 months, yet the extent to which these recommendations are implemented by clinicians and followed by patients remains unclear.Methods From January 2020 to December 2023, consecutive patients with myocarditis according to European Society of Cardiology criteria were prospectively enrolled. …”
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Racial diversity amongst Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery programs in Canada by Garret Horton, Elysia Grose, Tanya Chen, Oluwaseun Daniel Davies, Dongho Shin, Ian Witterick, Paolo Campisi, Yvonne Chan

“…Abstract Background The Canadian landscape of racial diversity in academic OHNS programs is currently unknown, as to date Canadian medical organizing bodies have refrained from collecting race-based data. However, new policy guidelines by the Canadian Medical Association support the collection of data that may be used to support equity, diversity and inclusion programs. …”
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Rural-urban disparity in uptaking skilled antenatal care visits by pregnant women in Bangladesh: Zero and One Inflated Poisson regression model. by Lubana Tanvia, M Ershadul Haque, Wasimul Bari

“…However, there is a general tendency of pregnant mothers in Bangladesh of receiving skilled antenatal care (SANC) service once, or even never which refrains us to ensure World Health Organization (WHO) recommended eight plus SANC visits, additionally, to meet Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number three.…”
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Dietary calcium intake in primary hyperparathyroidism and in its normocalcemic variant: a case-control study by Nicolò Bisceglia, Nicolò Bisceglia, Matteo Malagrinò, Matteo Malagrinò, Anna Piazza, Anna Piazza, Giulia Vandi, Giulia Vandi, Andrea Repaci, Uberto Pagotto, Uberto Pagotto, Guido Zavatta, Guido Zavatta

“…Whether maintaining adequate calcium intake might positively impact bone density or biochemistries in patients refraining from surgery, should be addressed in longitudinal studies.…”
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Googling Patients by Emily Beer

“…In health and medicine, correctly applying the concepts of privacy and confidentially is important because these terms have rigid legal definitions that are often confusing and misunderstood. By refraining from legitimizing claims that patients’ publicly accessible data is “private” information, we can avoid the risks of inappropriately applying privacy and confidentiality concepts and further muddying the waters. …”
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Against Futility Judgments for Patients with Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness by William Choi

“…Timothy Quill’s defense of the patient’s right to medical non-abandonment demonstrates “a world of difference between facing an uncertain future alone and facing it with a committed, caring, knowledgeable partner who will not shy away from difficult decisions when the path is unclear.”[17] As such, by advocating for their patients’ rights to life-sustaining treatment and refraining from making hasty futility judgments, clinicians can honor their enduring commitment to each patient’s wellbeing as they navigate the uncertain terrain of prolonged disorders of consciousness together…”
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