KARŞILAŞTIRMALI OLASILIK: NİTELİKSEL/BAĞINTISAL/SEZGİSEL BİR OLASILIK KAVRAMI by Zekiye Kutlusoy

“…Therefore, a new approach to probability, i. e. comparative qualitative/relational/intuitive probability, could explain the classical, qualitativ numerical probability, by clarifying the underlying assumptions of probability theor based on A. …”
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Implicit Learning of Parity and Magnitude Associations with Number Color by Talia L. Retter, Christine Schiltz

“…Associative learning was measured as higher performance for high-probability vs. low-probability color/number pairings. …”
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Comparing Iraqi Regional Differences on Infant Feeding through Breastfeeding and Formula by Anna Grace Tribble

“…Over the ensuing decade, the probability of breastfeeding decreases, and the probability of infant formula use increases across most governorates. …”
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Spectrum sensing algorithm based on stochastic resonance and non-central F-distribution by Yuanmeng FAN, Shunlan LIU

“…To solve the problem that the detection probability of the spectrum sensing algorithm is low and the number of samples required for detection is large at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a spectrum sensing algorithm based on stochastic resonance and non-central F-distribution (SRNF) was proposed.By introducing direct-current stochastic resonance noise, the system model of SRNF was established, and the expression of test statistic, false alarm probability and detection probability, and the expression of decision threshold obeying non-central F-distribution were deduced, and the optimal stochastic resonance noise parameter was solved by numerical method.The simulation results show that the detection performance of the proposed SRNF algorithm is better than that of energy detection (ED) algorithm and blind spectrum sensing based on F-distribution (BSF) algorithm at a low SNR.When the false alarm probability is 5%, the SNR is -12 dB, and the number of samples is 200, the detection probability of the proposed algorithm is 95%, which is 34% and 67% higher than BSF algorithm and ED algorithm, respectively.When the SNR is -12 dB, and the detection probability reaches 95%, the number of samples required by the proposed algorithm is 210, which saves 340 samples compared to the BSF algorithm.Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is less affected by noise uncertainty than ED algorithm.…”
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Advancing Shannon Entropy for Measuring Diversity in Systems by R. Rajaram, B. Castellani, A. N. Wilson

“…To address these limitations, we introduce a renormalization of probability distributions based on the notion of case-based entropy Cc as a function of the cumulative probability c. …”
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BEP/SEP and Outage Performance Analysis of 𝐿-Branch Maximal-Ratio Combiner for 𝜅-𝜇 Fading by Mirza Milišić, Mirza Hamza, Mesud Hadžialić

“…In this paper we treat bit error probability (BEP), symbol error probability (SEP) and outage probability of MRC in presence of 𝜅-𝜇 fading. …”
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Adaptive channel status based access class barring scheme for traffic emergency communication by Jiao WANG, Gongan QIU, Shibing ZHANG

“…In high-density cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X), effective massive access method of cluster communications is the basis to assure the performance index for different services and enhance the spectrum efficiency under limited resource.An improved access class barring (ACB) scheme was proposed using channel status information based on computing power of communication terminal in C-V2X.The base station estimated the communication density within its cover range, generated the ACB factor using the communication density, and broadcasted the ACB.According to signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and ACB factor of the received broadcast signal, the vehicular communication terminal computed the access probability, and compared with ACB factor.When the access probability was more than the ACB factor, the terminal selected a preamble randomly from the preamble pool with the probability which equal to the access probability or one.The terminal transmited the selected preamble to the base station for finishing the access program.The simulation results show that the scheme proposed has 5%～20% advantage over S-Aloha and machine to machine opportunistic splitting algorithm (M2M-OSA) schemes in average access collision probability.It reduces the average access delay effectively.…”
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Nonlinear Demodulation and Channel Coding in EBPSK Scheme by Xianqing Chen, Lenan Wu

“…However, the conventional threshold decision cannot achieve the optimum performance, and the SIF brings more difficulty in obtaining the posterior probability for LDPC decoding. In this paper, we concentrate not only on reducing the BER of demodulation, but also on providing accurate posterior probability estimates (PPEs). …”
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Modeling MAC Protocol Based on Frame Slotted Aloha for Low Energy Critical Infrastructure Sensor Networks by Niamat Ullah, Kifayat Ullah, S. M. Riazul Islam, Pervaiz Khan, Sana Ullah, Kyung Sup Kwak

“…As the packet drop probability plays crucial role in LECIM applications, we propose framed slotted aloha based MAC for LECIM using linearly increased contention window size to reduce the packet drop probability. …”
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Opportunistic cooperative spectrum sensing based on eigenvalue ratio of random matrix by Wuji ZHANG, Shunlan LIU, Jianrong BAO

“…To overcome the deficiencies of low detection probability of traditional spectrum sensing,an EROC spectrum sensing algorithm based on the eigenvalue ratio of a random matrix was proposed.Based on the random detection theory,it used double thresholds and opportunistic cooperation to improve of traditional maximum and minimum eigenvalue (MME) algorithm,and it retained the advantages of the traditional energy detection algorithm.Moreover,on the premise of known false alarm probability,the decision threshold was deduced,and the odd-even slot division was used to effectively realize opportunistic cooperation in reception.Simulation results show that the proposed spectrum sensing algorithm has higher detection probability than MME algorithms in case of low signal-to-noise ratio and low false alarm probability.Therefore,it is suitable for application in wireless communications with deteriorate transmission channels.…”
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Identification of a Stochastic Dynamic Model for Aircraft Flight Attitude Based on Measured Data by Haiquan Li, Xiaoqian Chen, Jiatu Zhang, Bochen Wang, Jiahui Peng, Liang Wang

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Variable threshold energy detection algorithm based on trust degree by Jie XIAO, Yuebin CHEN, Chutian CHEN, Ting ZHENG, Jiwu QIAN

“…Aiming at stochastic probabilistic SSDF attacks,a variable threshold energy detection algorithm based on trust degree was proposed.Firstly,the variable threshold was updated by comparing the actual fusion value with the upper and lower boundary values of the fusion center.The upper and lower boundary values were determined through the given false alarm probability andmissed probability.Secondly,a soft fusionmethod was used based on the ratio of correct perception times and the total number of times to update the trust value.Simulation results show that,compared with the traditional fixed threshold,the proposed algorithm can not only reduce the false alarm andmissed detection probability,but also improve the detection probability of the system.…”
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A new cooperation spectrum sensing algorithm based on energy detection by Caimei FU, Youming LI, Guili ZHOU, Mingchen YU, Jingwen TONG, Xupeng WANG

“…To improve the reliability of spectrum sensing in cognitive radio system,a new cooperation spectrum sensing algorithm was proposed.In this algorithm,the property of the low probability between adjacent frames of the states change was used and then the decision was made by combing the energy value of the current sensing frame with that of the neighboring frame.Therefore,the proposed algorithm could decrease the miss detection probability in case of the instantaneous signal energy dropping when primary user used the licensed spectrum.Furthermore,theoretical expressions for detection probability and false alarm probability were derived.Finally,theoretical analysis and simulation results verify that the detection performance of the proposed algorithm is better than that of cooperative spectrum sensing which is based on the classical energy detection.…”
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Satellite In-Orbit Secondary Collision Risk Assessment by Haicheng Tao, Xueke Che, Qinyu Zhu, XinHong Li

“…With Starlink as an example, this paper is aimed at assessing the risk of in-orbit collision, analyzing the probability of collision in orbit in its natural operating state, and forecasting the probability of secondary collision between the collision-generated short-term debris cloud and satellites in the same orbit. …”
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SARS-CoV-2 Genome-Based Severity Predictions Correspond to Lower qPCR Values and Higher Viral Load by Martin Skarzynski, Erin M. McAuley, Ezekiel J. Maier, Anthony C. Fries, Jameson D. Voss, Richard R. Chapleau

“…We also found a nontrivial correlation between predicted severity probability and cycle threshold (r = −0.199). Finally, when divided into severity probability quartiles, the group most likely to experience severe illness (≥75% probability) had a Ct of 16.6 (n = 10), whereas the group least likely to experience severe illness (<25% probability) had a Ct of 21.4 (n = 350) (P=0.0045). …”
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Analysis of the Queueing-Inventory System with Impatient Customers and Mixed Sales by Yuying Zhang, Dequan Yue, Li Sun, Jinpan Zuo

“…The customer arrived waits for service with a probability p or is lost forever with a probability 1−p when the server is off due to a vacation. …”
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Application of Fuzzy Immune Algorithm and Soft Computing in the Design of 2-DOF PID Controller by Ning Ding, Priti Prabhakar, Anita Khosla, Vishal Jagota, Edwin Ramirez-Asis, Bhupesh Kumar Singh

“…To solve the difficulty in selecting the crossover probability and mutation probability in genetic algorithms, a fuzzy immune algorithm based on adaptive estimation of crossover probability and mutation probability in a fuzzy reasoning system is proposed, and it is used in the parameter optimization design of a two-degree-of-freedom PID controller. …”
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Relative information spectra with applications to statistical inference by Sergio Verdú

“…For any pair of probability measures defined on a common space, their relative information spectra——specifically, the distribution functions of the loglikelihood ratio under either probability measure——fully encapsulate all that is relevant for distinguishing them. …”
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Influence diffusion model based on affinity of dynamic social network by Yun-fang CHEN, Tao XIA, Wei ZHANG, Jin LI

“…Recently,influence maximization model is a hot issue in the field of social network influence,while the traditional independent cascade model is generally based on static network with a fixed value of activation probability.DDIC model,which was a dynamic network influence diffusion model with attenuation factor was proposed.It calculated the activation probability between nodes via affinity propagation,and according with dynamic segmentation of social network time slice,calculation of influence on proliferation of next time slice with the current time slice of activation probability performance decay.The experimental results show that the nodes in the DDIC model have more chances to active the neighbor and the average probability of activing of the DDIC model is higher.Further experiments show that influence value via computing with affinity propagation can reflect the process of the spread model more accurately.…”
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Influencing Factors Analysis of Local Environmental Regulation Implementation Behaviors in China: Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Test by Feng Pan, Lin Wang

“…Reducing the emission standard of pollution can increase the penalty probability; increasing pollution discharge fee rate will reduce the penalty probability on pollution discharging enterprises, while increasing the fine rate for excessive pollution will reduce the levy probability imposed on enterprises by local governments. …”
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