Transient clitoromegaly in an extremely preterm twin infant with popliteal pterygium by Lavinia La Grasta Sabolić, Ana Kovačević, Lucija Ana Trtanj, Bernardica Valent Morić, Jasna Tumbri

“…Clitoromegaly can be congenital or acquired, and it is usually associated with exposure to androgen excess. Pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for transient clitoromegaly in premature female infants have not been fully elucidated. …”
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Arv1; a “Mover and Shaker” of Subcellular Lipids by J. Jose Corbalan, Karla K. Frietze, Joseph Nickels, Stephen L. Sturley

“…The genetic underpinning of how such diversity is achieved or maintained is surprisingly obscure, despite its clear metabolic and pathophysiological impact. The Arv1 protein is represented in all eukaryotes and was initially identified in the model eukaryote Sacccharomyces cerevisiae as a candidate transporter of lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum. …”
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Fibromyalgia: do I tackle you with pharmacological treatments? by Serge Perrot

“…Other treatments are proposed according to pathophysiological mechanisms, especially central sensitization and abnormal pain modulation. …”
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Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux in Noncystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis by Annemarie L. Lee, Brenda M. Button, Linda Denehy, John W. Wilson

“…Increased acidic GOR is principally caused by gastro-oesophageal junction incompetence and may arise from lower oesophageal sphincter hypotension, including transient relaxations, hiatus hernia, and oesophageal dysmotility. Specific pathophysiological features which are characteristic of respiratory diseases including coughing may further increase the risk of GOR in bronchiectasis. …”
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New options for targeting TRPV1 receptors for cancer treatment: odorous Chinese herbal medicine by Minghui Zhang, Minghui Zhang, Zongao Wang, Zongao Wang, Shaojun Liu, Shaojun Liu, Yuxuan Li, Yuxuan Li, Yanting Gong, Yanting Gong, Min Liu, Min Liu

“…Vanilloid1 (TRPV1), a subfamily of transient receptor channels, is one of the non-selective calcium channels, which is a bridge between cellular response and extracellular environmental networks, and is involved in a variety of pathophysiological processes. It is also involved in the process of cancer occurrence and progression, and researchers are revealing its role in cancer. …”
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Intestinal Motility after Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis by Jacques Heppell

“…Colectomy, mucosal proctectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, has become the procedure of choice for carefully selected patients with ulcerative colitis requiring surgery. Pathophysiological studies after the operation have led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of continence and to the development of new technology to study anorectal function. …”
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Interleukin-1 as a Common Denominator from Autoinflammatory to Autoimmune Disorders: Premises, Perils, and Perspectives by Giuseppe Lopalco, Luca Cantarini, Antonio Vitale, Florenzo Iannone, Maria Grazia Anelli, Laura Andreozzi, Giovanni Lapadula, Mauro Galeazzi, Donato Rigante

“…Due to clinical and pathophysiologic similarities giving a crucial role to the multifunctional cytokine interleukin-1, the concept of autoinflammation has been expanded to include nonhereditary collagen-like diseases, idiopathic inflammatory diseases, and metabolic diseases. …”
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PPARγ as a Potential Target to Treat Airway Mucus Hypersecretion in Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases by Yongchun Shen, Lei Chen, Tao Wang, Fuqiang Wen

“…Airway mucus hypersecretion (AMH) is a key pathophysiological feature of chronic airway inflammatory diseases such as bronchial asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. …”
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TNF Tolerance in Monocytes and Macrophages: Characteristics and Molecular Mechanisms by René Huber, Rolf Bikker, Bastian Welz, Martin Christmann, Korbinian Brand

“…In addition, the characteristics of cross-tolerance between TNF and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as pathophysiological aspects of TNF tolerance are discussed. …”
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An orally administered gold nanocluster with ROS scavenging for inflammatory bowel disease treatment by Fei Wang, Qianhui Li, Tingting Xu, Zhu Li, Yongxin Jiang, Yan Ma, Xiaohu Li, Wanni Wang, Haisheng Qian

“…Oxidative stress that is induced by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered to be a key pathophysiological mechanism of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and restoring redox homeostasis in the inflammatory region by eliminating ROS is an effective way to treat IBD. …”
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Consequences of Hyperoxia and the Toxicity of Oxygen in the Lung by William J. Mach, Amanda R. Thimmesch, J. Thomas Pierce, Janet D. Pierce

“…Oxygen is therapeutic for treatment of hypoxemia and hypoxia associated with many pathological processes. Pathophysiological processes are associated with increased levels of hyperoxia-induced reactive O2 species (ROS) which may readily react with surrounding biological tissues, damaging lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. …”
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Two Case Reports of Varicocele Rupture during Sexual Intercourse and Review of the Literature by Chalil Arif, Konstantinos Kotoulas, Chrysostomos Georgellis, Konstantinos Frigkas, Athanasios Bantis, Emmanouil Patris

“…Although different pathophysiological patterns have been proposed, there is no consensus in the urological society to date. …”
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The Brain-Heart Connection in Takotsubo Syndrome: The Central Nervous System, Sympathetic Nervous System, and Catecholamine Overload by Xiaopu Wang, Junyu Pei, Xinqun Hu

“…This review summarizes recent studies regarding SNS activation, catecholamine overload, and the brain-heart connection in patients with TTS from both pathophysiological and mechanistic aspects.…”
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Reveal the pharmacodynamic substances and mechanism of an edible medicinal plant Rhodiola crenulate in DSS-induced colitis through plasma pharmacochemistry and metabolomics by Yu Peng, Xiaoao Xiao, Tingting Ji, Xinyuan Wang, Yixuan Xu, Jianbo Xiao, Hui Cao, Zhiyong Chen, Huifan Liu, Yuanqing Gao, Hongxun Tao

“…The decreased flavonoids prototype and the elevated sulfated products of phenols were observed under pathophysiological conditions of colitis. The metabolomics study revealed that colitis caused the alternation of fatty acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis and bile acid metabolism. …”
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Emerging Roles of Immune Cells in Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction by Yue Liu, Yiqing Yin

“…Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), a long-lasting cognitive decline after surgery, is currently a major clinical problem with no clear pathophysiological mechanism or effective therapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in POCD. …”
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Quantitative assessment of brain metabolism in mice using non-contrast MRI at 11.7T by Xiuli Yang, Yuguo Li, Hanzhang Lu, Zhiliang Wei

“…The proposed method yields non-invasive, non-contrast quantitative measurements of global brain metabolism in approximately 20 min, paving the way for broader applications in future pathophysiological studies. • Non-invasive and non-contrast assessment of brain metabolism in mice. • Quantitative measurement of metabolic rate in approximately 20 min.…”
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Controversy About Management of Osteoarthritis with Disease-modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugs by CUI Hanshu, LIU Bin

“…It leads to pain, stiffness, deformation and even disability in the patients, and increases the risk of comorbidities. As its pathophysiological mechanisms are not well understood, it is hard to identify the specific targets of OA and standardize its pharmacological treatments. …”
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A Case of Euthyroid Graves’ Ophthalmopathy in a Patient Sero-Negative for TSH Receptor Autoantibody by Asami Hotta, Tomohiro Tanaka, Haruka Kato, Shota Kakoi, Yuki Shimizu, Chie Hasegawa, Akiko Hayakawa, Satoshi Yasuda, Kento Ogawa, Shunsuke Ito, Hideomi Ohguchi, Takashi Yagi, Hiroyuki Koyama, Mihoko Kawamura, Kazuhiko Sugitani, Yuichiro Ogura, Takashi Joh, Kenro Imaeda

“…This case gives insights into the potential pathophysiologic mechanism underlying Graves’ ophthalmopathy and casts light upon the difficulties of establishing the diagnosis in a euthyroid case with minimal positive results for anti-thyroid autoantibodies.…”
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Monitoring of microvascular calcification by time-resolved photoacoustic microscopy by Haigang Ma, Yinshi Yu, Yahui Zhu, Hongjun Wu, Haixia Qiu, Ying Gu, Qian Chen, Chao Zuo

“…Monitoring of microvascular calcification (MC) is essential for the understanding of pathophysiological processes and the characterization of certain physiological states such as drug abuse, metabolic abnormality, and chronic nephrosis. …”
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Life-Threatening Adenovirus Infections in the Setting of the Immunocompromised Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Patients by Cedar J. Fowler, Jennifer Dunlap, Darcy Troyer, Peter Stenzel, Elliot Epner, Richard T. Maziarz

“…In addition, the pathophysiological events, such as GVHD and hepatic dysfunction, may complicate the clinical picture and delay therapy of an opportunistic infection. …”
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