Costimulatory Pathways: Physiology and Potential Therapeutic Manipulation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Nien Yee Kow, Anselm Mak

“…In this review, advances in the knowledge of established costimulatory pathways such as CD28/CTLA-4-CD80/86, ICOS-B7RP1, CD70-CD27, OX40-OX40L, and CD137-CD137L as well as their potential roles involved in the pathophysiology of SLE will be discussed. Attempts to target these costimulatory pathways therapeutically will pave more potential treatment avenues for patients with SLE. …”
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Venoms and Extracellular Vesicles: A New Frontier in Venom Biology by Auwal A. Bala, Naoual Oukkache, Elda E. Sanchez, Montamas Suntravat, Jacob A. Galan

“…Notably, EVs present a unique opportunity to deepen our understanding of the pathophysiology of envenomation by natural toxins. Recent advancements in isolating and purifying EV cargo, mass spectrometry techniques, and bioinformatics have positioned EVs as potential biomarkers that could elucidate biological signaling pathways and provide valuable information on the relationship between venomous toxins, their mechanisms of action, and the effectiveness of antivenoms. …”
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Plasmablastic Lymphoma: A Review of Current Knowledge and Future Directions by Ghaleb Elyamany, Eman Al Mussaed, Ali Matar Alzahrani

“…The aim of this paper is to review the recent advances in epidemiology; pathophysiology; clinical, pathologic, and molecular characteristics; therapy; and outcome in patients with PBL.…”
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Uncovering NK cell sabotage in gut diseases via single cell transcriptomics. by Hansong Lee, Dai Sik Ko, Hye Jin Heo, Seung Eun Baek, Eun Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Kwon, Junho Kang, Yeuni Yu, Ninib Baryawno, Kihun Kim, Dongjun Lee, Yun Hak Kim

“…Despite occurring in the same organ, there is a significant gap in understanding the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis (UC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). …”
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Complement Inhibition as a Proposed Neuroprotective Strategy following Cardiac Arrest by Brad E. Zacharia, Zachary L. Hickman, Bartosz T. Grobelny, Peter A. DeRosa, Andrew F. Ducruet, E. Sander Connolly

“…To this end, this paper will explore the pathophysiology of complement-mediated GCI/R injury following OHCA.…”
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Application of Proteomics to Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research: Current Status and Future Perspectives by Arash Assadsangabi, Caroline A. Evans, Bernard M. Corfe, Alan Lobo

“…Despite recent advances in decoding the pathophysiology of IBD, many questions regarding disease pathogenesis remain. …”
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Activins and Follistatin in Chronic Hepatitis C and Its Treatment with Pegylated-Interferon-α Based Therapy by Bassem Refaat, Ahmed Mohamed Ashshi, Adel Galal El-Shemi, Esam Azhar

“…This review appraises the up-to-date knowledge regarding the role of activins and follistatin in liver biology and immune system and their role in the pathophysiology of CHC.…”
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Meconium aspiration syndrome, fetal heart rate, and stillbirth. Literature review by Jésser M. Herrera-Salgado, Luis E. Reyes-Mendoza, Jesús C. Briones-Garduño

“…We present a document that results from the consultation of an updated bibliography on MAS, including aspects related to its pathophysiology and complications and the considerations to be taken into account by the obstetric service. …”
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The Mechanisms of Movement Control and Time Estimation in Cervical Dystonia Patients by Pavel Filip, Ovidiu V. Lungu, Daniel J. Shaw, Tomas Kasparek, Martin Bareš

“…Traditionally, the pathophysiology of cervical dystonia has been regarded mainly in relation to neurochemical abnormities in the basal ganglia. …”
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Investigating Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Dynamics in Beta-thalassemia Major: A Comparative Study from Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq by Hadeer Hayder Inteek, Shaymaa Rabeea Madhkhoor

“…This supports the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of the disorder and offers possible interventions to reduce oxidative insults in affected individuals.…”
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Spontaneous splenic rupture associated with Q fever and portal hypertension: A case report by Cecil Mustafiz, Cecil Mustafiz, Deloshaan Subhaharan, Deloshaan Subhaharan, Daniel Chorley, Tariq Masood

“…Spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) is an exceptionally rare and life-threatening condition, with its pathophysiology remaining poorly understood. This report describes the first documented case of SSR in a patient with Q fever infection and underlying liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension. …”
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Microbiome immune system interactions in selected neurological disorder by P. Omosigho, G. Sulaiman, O. Okesanya

“…Furthermore, dysbiosis in the gut microbiome has been linked to the pathophysiology of PD, AD, MS, and ASD. Changes in gut microbiota composition and neuroinflammation mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome have been observed in AD, suggesting a connection between microbiological variables and the course of the illness. …”
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Inflammatory pathways and anti‐inflammatory therapies in sickle cell disease by Karina Tozatto‐Maio, Felipe A. Rós, Ricardo Weinlich, Vanderson Rocha

“…Abstract Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a monogenic disease, resulting from a single‐point mutation, that presents a complex pathophysiology and high clinical heterogeneity. Inflammation stands as a prominent characteristic of SCD. …”
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Interactions between Cytokines, Congenital Anomalies of Kidney and Urinary Tract and Chronic Kidney Disease by Ana Cristina Simões e Silva, Flávia Cordeiro Valério, Mariana Affonso Vasconcelos, Débora Marques Miranda, Eduardo Araújo Oliveira

“…In this regard, recent studies suggest a role for cytokines and chemokines in the pathophysiology of CAKUT and for the progression to CKD. …”
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Microarray Profiling of Lymphocytes in Internal Diseases With an Altered Immune Response: Potential and Methodology by Anatoliy Gladkevich, S. Adriaan Nelemans, Henk F. Kauffman, Jakob Korf

“…The authors provide arguments to consider peripheral white blood cells and in particular lymphocytes as a model for the investigation of pathophysiology of asthma, RA, and SLE diseases in which inflammation is a major component. …”
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The role of myocardial energy metabolism perturbations in diabetic cardiomyopathy: from the perspective of novel protein post-translational modifications by Dongze Li, Li Zhang, Qiming Gong, Huilan Deng, Changfang Luo, Tingting Zhou, Wei Huang, Yong Xu

“…It provides a detailed analysis of the mechanisms of these novel PTMs in DbCM to enhance the understanding of DbCM pathophysiology and establish a theoretical foundation for the development of new treatment strategies for DbCM.…”
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Suvorexant, a Novel Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist, for the Management of Insomnia by Andrew H. Han, Caroline R. Burroughs, Evan P. Falgoust, Jamal Hasoon, Grace Hunt, Juyeon Kakazu, Tim Lee, Adam M. Kaye, Alan D. Kaye, Latha Ganti

“…It covers the background, pathophysiology, and significance of addressing insomnia, the pharmaceutical details of Suvorexant, and its safety, efficacy, and implications in treating insomnia. …”
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Upregulation of Soluble HLA-G in Chronic Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction by Line Lisbeth Olesen, Thomas Vauvert F. Hviid

“…Biomarkers may help to diagnose LVSD and give insight into the pathophysiology. The immune system is activated in LVSD, and the immunomodulatory molecule human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) may be involved. …”
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A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study of the Association between Liver Enzymes and Lipid Levels by Subrata Deb, Prasanth Puthanveetil, Prashant Sakharkar

“…Underlying hepatic pathophysiology from dyslipidemia deserves further exploration due to its potential effects on hepatic drug metabolism/detoxification.…”
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Changes and Relationship of PAF and TNF in Rats with Myocardial Ischaemia and Reperfusion Injury by Ya-Ling Han, Shao-Ha Li, Qin-Yue Zheng, Hong-Bin Wang, Guo-Yan Zhang, Zhong-Gui Wu, Si-Cong Chen

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