Having a Coffee Break: The Impact of Caffeine Consumption on Microglia-Mediated Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases by Maria H. Madeira, Raquel Boia, António F. Ambrósio, Ana R. Santiago

“…However, despite the beneficial effects of caffeine consumption in human health and behaviour, the mechanisms by which it impacts the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases still remain to be clarified. …”
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Revisiting Apathy in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Conceptualization to Therapeutic Approaches by Antonio L. Teixeira, Mitzi M. Gonzales, Leonardo Cruz de Souza, Sara L. Weisenbach

“…Given its complex pathophysiology, including distinct substrates for different apathy dimensions (affective, cognitive, and behavioral), it is unlikely that a single pharmacological or nonpharmacological strategy will be effective for all cases of apathy in AD. …”
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The Importance of Lung Innate Immunity During Health and Disease by Gusty Rizky Teguh Ryanto, Ratoe Suraya, Tatsuya Nagano

“…In this review, we discuss globally how the components of lung innate immunity are important not only for maintaining lung homeostasis but also during the pathophysiology of notable lung diseases beyond acute pulmonary infections, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and pulmonary fibrosis.…”
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Simulation of clinical trials of oral treprostinil in pulmonary arterial hypertension using a virtual population by Andrew E. Stine, Jignesh Parmar, Amy K. Smith, Zachary Cummins, Narasimha Rao Pillalamarri, R. Joseph Bender

“…In this study, a quantitative systems pharmacology model of pulmonary arterial hypertension pathophysiology and pharmacology was used to predict changes in pulmonary vascular resistance and six-minute walk distance in the context of oral treprostinil clinical studies. …”
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Dendritic Cells and Their Role in Cardiovascular Diseases: A View on Human Studies by Maja-Theresa Dieterlen, Katja John, Hermann Reichenspurner, Friedrich W. Mohr, Markus J. Barten

“…Such immunological responses are involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases, with DCs shown to play a role in atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure and most notably following heart transplantation. …”
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Clinical and Biochemical Manifestations of Depression: Relation to the Neurobiology of Stress by Phillip W. Gold, Rodrigo Machado-Vieira, Maria G. Pavlatou

“…Stress-related pathways have been directly involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of MDD. The present paper provides an overview on the stress system as a model to understand key pathophysiological paradigms in MDD. …”
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Small fiber pathology in fibromyalgia syndrome by Claudia Sommer, Nurcan Üçeyler

“…For clinical practice, it is important to note that reduced skin innervation in fibromyalgia must not be confused with small fiber neuropathy, which is a separate entity with different characteristics and pathophysiology. Further prospective research is warranted to transfer these findings in the peripheral nervous system into clinical fibromyalgia patient management.…”
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Adipokines Pathogenesis in Heart Failure by Fozia Bibi, Ayesha Aslam, Hooria Naseem, Huma Khurshid, Ali Haider, Habiba Ashraf, Saira Rafaqat

“…In addition, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of diastolic HF. Further studies are necessary to determine whether FGF21 plays a causal role in HF, and whether measuring circulating FGF21 might effectively improve HF prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis. …”
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Derivation of induced pluripotent stem cell TUSMi013-A from a 66-year-old Chinese Han Parkinson’s disease patient carrying VPS13C and TBP mutations by Can Cui, Jian Chen, Hao Shen, Bei Zhang

“…Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), derived from PD patients, constitute an exquisite investigative tool for elucidating the pathophysiology of the disease, assessing candidate therapeutics, and probing the potential for regenerative medicine approaches. …”
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Cardiorenal Syndromes and Sepsis by C. Chelazzi, G. Villa, A. R. De Gaudio

“…The cardiorenal syndrome is a clinical and pathophysiological entity defined as the concomitant presence of renal and cardiovascular dysfunction. …”
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Microglial Dysregulation in Psychiatric Disease by Luciana Romina Frick, Kyle Williams, Christopher Pittenger

“…Microglial abnormalities have been found in several neuropsychiatric conditions, though in most cases it remains unclear whether these are causative or are a reaction to some other underlying pathophysiology. Here we summarize postmortem, animal, neuroimaging, and other evidence for microglial pathology in major depression, schizophrenia, autism, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Tourette syndrome. …”
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Insulin Resistance: A Proinflammatory State Mediated by Lipid-Induced Signaling Dysfunction and Involved in Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability by Fabrizio Montecucco, Sabine Steffens, François Mach

“…Recent studies suggest that the pathophysiology of insulin resistance is closely related to interferences with insulin-mediated intracellular signaling on skeletal muscle cells, hepatocytes, and adipocytes. …”
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Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria in an Adult with Respiratory Syncytial Virus by Ryan Leibrandt, Kenneth Angelino, Monique Vizel-Schwartz, Ilan Shapira

“…To facilitate identification of this rare entity by clinicians, we include a discussion about the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of PCH.…”
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Reactivation of Pulmonary Tuberculosis following Treatment of Myelofibrosis with Ruxolitinib by Maheen Z. Abidi, Javeria Haque, Parvathi Varma, Horatiu Olteanu, Guru Subramanian Guru Murthy, Binod Dhakal, Parameswaran Hari

“…It causes inhibition of the Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) pathway, which plays a key role in the underlying pathophysiology of myeloproliferative diseases. We describe a case of reactivation pulmonary tuberculosis in a retired physician while on treatment with ruxolitinib. …”
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Macrophage Polarization in the Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis and Treatment by Xiongfei Zou, Hongjun Xu, Wenwei Qian

“…ABSTRACT Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative disorder that severely impacts quality of life due to pain and disability. Although the pathophysiology of OA remains incompletely understood, recent research highlights the role of synovial inflammation in OA onset and progression, driven primarily by inflammatory infiltrates, especially macrophages, in the synovium. …”
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Recommendations for Management of Patients with Carotid Stenosis by Arijana Lovrencic-Huzjan, Tatjana Rundek, Michael Katsnelson

“…Carotid atherosclerosis is recognized as an important factor in stroke pathophysiology and represents a key target in stroke prevention; multiple treatment modalities have been developed to battle this disease. …”
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Massive tubular ectasia of the rete testes in a patient with Marfan syndrome by Ashley Lee, Su-Tong Low, Steve McCombie, Dickon Hayne

“…Despite the unclear pathophysiology of tubular ectasia, potential causes include mechanical obstruction and congenital deformity. …”
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Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis in a Patient with Neurosarcoidosis on Chronic Steroid Therapy Secondary to Recreational Marijuana Usage by Preetam Gongidi, Debkumar Sarkar, Eric Behling, Joshua Brody

“…We review the radiographic findings of neurosarcoidosis and cerebral phaeohyphomycosis as well as the pathophysiology of dematiaceous fungi infections.…”
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Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis by Sandeep M Patel, Hiroshi Sekiguchi, Jordan P Reynolds, Michael J Krowka

“…Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of PAP demonstrate that the idiopathic form is due to antigranulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor antibodies. …”
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Tissue Factor, Blood Coagulation, and Beyond: An Overview by Arthur J. Chu

“…Apparently, TF hypercoagulability refuels a coagulation-inflammation-thrombosis circuit in “autocrine” or “paracrine” fashions, which triggers a wide spectrum of pathophysiology. Accordingly, TF suppression, anticoagulation, PAR blockade, or general anti-inflammation offers an array of therapeutical benefits for easing diverse pathological conditions.…”
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