Global remapping emerges as the mechanism for renewal of context-dependent behavior in a reinforcement learning model by David Kappel, Sen Cheng

“…A significant proportion of neurons in deeper layers of the network are tuned to a specific spatial position of the agent in the environment—similar to place cells in the hippocampus. …”
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Placode and neural crest origins of congenital deafness in mouse models of Waardenburg-Shah syndrome by Jaime Tan, Alicia Duron, Henry M. Sucov, Takako Makita

“…Instead, our results in neural crest-specific Ednrb mutants implicate a previously unrecognized role for glial support of synapse assembly between auditory neurons and cochlear hair cells. Placode-specific Ednrb mutation also caused impaired hearing, resulting from deficient synaptic transmission. …”
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Cortical direction selectivity increases from the input to the output layers of visual cortex. by Weifeng Dai, Tian Wang, Yang Li, Yi Yang, Yange Zhang, Yujie Wu, Tingting Zhou, Hongbo Yu, Liang Li, Yizheng Wang, Gang Wang, Dajun Xing

“…Sensitivity to motion direction is a feature of visual neurons that is essential for motion perception. Recent studies have suggested that direction selectivity is re-established at multiple stages throughout the visual hierarchy, which contradicts the traditional assumption that direction selectivity in later stages largely derives from that in earlier stages. …”
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An overview of methods for the treatment and diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. Clinical case analysis by M. Š. Markevičiūtė, M. Karnickas, A. Bagdonaitė

“…A distinctive pathological feature of DLB is the multiple Lewy bodies – eosinophilic hyaline inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons that are detected in the brain at autopsy. …”
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A Novel Kernel for RBF Based Neural Networks by Wasim Aftab, Muhammad Moinuddin, Muhammad Shafique Shaikh

“…The conventional RBF uses basis functions which rely on distance measures such as Gaussian kernel of Euclidean distance (ED) between feature vector and neuron’s center, and so forth. In this work, we introduce a novel RBF artificial neural network (ANN) where the basis function utilizes a linear combination of ED based Gaussian kernel and a cosine kernel where the cosine kernel computes the angle between feature and center vectors. …”
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Cortical and Subcortical Contributions to Neuroplasticity after Repetitive Transspinal Stimulation in Humans by Lynda M. Murray, Md. Anamul Islam, Maria Knikou

“…These findings support the notion that repetitive transspinal stimulation decreases corticocortical inputs onto corticospinal neurons and promotes a surround inhibition in the spinal cord and nerve axons. …”
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An Integrated Review of Psychological Stress in Parkinson’s Disease: Biological Mechanisms and Symptom and Health Outcomes by Kim Wieczorek Austin, Suzanne Weil Ameringer, Leslie Jameleh Cloud

“…Psychological stress may exacerbate biological mechanisms believed to contribute to neuronal loss in PD and lead to poorer symptom and health outcomes. …”
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Dynamic development of microglia and macrophages after spinal cord injury by Hu-Yao Zhou, Xia Wang, Yi Li, Duan Wang, Xuan-Zi Zhou, Nong Xiao, Guo-Xing Li, Gang Li

“…Regarding macrophages, our findings highlighted abundant communication with other cells, including fibroblasts and neurons. Both pro-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of macrophages were also identified; the pro-inflammatory effect may be related to integrin β2 (Itgb2) and the neuroprotective effect may be related to the oncostatin M pathway. …”
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AReLU: Agile Rectified Linear Unit for Improving Lightweight Convolutional Neural Networks by Fu Chen, Yepeng Guan

“…Furthermore, a specific initialization method for neurons in PLCFI is proposed to facilitate model convergence, called imitative initialization. …”
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Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha: A Link between Neuroinflammation and Excitotoxicity by Gabriel Olmos, Jerònia Lladó

“…In addition, TNF-α can potentiate glutamate-mediated cytotoxicity by two complementary mechanisms: indirectly, by inhibiting glutamate transport on astrocytes, and directly, by rapidly triggering the surface expression of Ca+2 permeable-AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors, while decreasing inhibitory GABAA receptors on neurons. Thus, the net effect of TNF-α is to alter the balance of excitation and inhibition resulting in a higher synaptic excitatory/inhibitory ratio. …”
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The Plasma Membrane Ca2+-ATPase2 (PMCA2) Is Involved in the Regulation of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Growth in Cerebellar Organotypic Slice Cultures by Pradeep Sherkhane, Josef P. Kapfhammer

“…Purkinje cells are the principal neurons of the cerebellar cortex and have an extensive and elaborate dendritic tree. …”
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Forecasting Stock Prices of Companies Producing Solar Panels Using Machine Learning Methods by Zaffar A. Shaikh, Andrey Kraikin, Alexey Mikhaylov, Gabor Pinter

“…Based on the results obtained, the following conclusions were made: 20 neurons of the network is not enough to make an accurate forecast, but the level of confidence in such a forecast is high enough, neural network forecasts are applicable in investing and are accurate enough to determine medium- and long-term trends, but these forecasts are not applicable for traders. …”
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Label free, capillary-scale blood flow mapping in vivo reveals that low-intensity focused ultrasound evokes persistent dilation in cortical microvasculature by YuBing Y. Shen, Jyoti V. Jethe, Ashlan P. Reid, Jacob Hehir, Marcello Magri Amaral, Chao Ren, Senyue Hao, Chao Zhou, Jonathan A. N. Fisher

“…An increasing body of research has identified mechanosensitive ion channels that can be modulated by FUS and support acute electrical activity in neurons. However, neuromodulatory effects that persist from hours to days have also been reported. …”
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Why It Is Not Always Anxiety: A Tough Diagnosis of Stiff Person Syndrome by Carmen Elena Cervantes, Hsien Lee Lau, Tina Ataian Binazir, Keith O. O’Brien, Jonathan S. Cross

“…In SPS, antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) most commonly target the GAD antigen on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. The goal of treatment is to ameliorate symptoms and improve quality of life. …”
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Neurophysiology of Drosophila Models of Parkinson’s Disease by Ryan J. H. West, Rebecca Furmston, Charles A. C. Williams, Christopher J. H. Elliott

“…Finally, the strong neuronal phenotypes permit relevant first in vivo drug testing.…”
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Immune System in the Brain: A Modulatory Role on Dendritic Spine Morphophysiology? by Oscar Kurt Bitzer-Quintero, Ignacio González-Burgos

“…In addition, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells, and, to a lesser extent, neurons are implicated in the immune response in the central nervous system. …”
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Mechanism of Electroacupuncture at Baihui and Shenting Alleviating Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury via Regulating BNIP3L-Mediated Mitophagy by ZHONG Xiaoyong, LI Cheng, WANG Fang, CHEN Bin, LIANG Hui, RUAN Su

“…In the model group, neurons shrank, the cytoplasmic structure was unclear, cytoplasmic eosinophilic staining was enhanced, Nissl bodies gathered or disappeared, nuclear pyknosis, and some cell bodies deformed and shrunk to triangles and the spaces around the cells widened. …”
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Structural basis of a microbial trimethylamine transporter by Chao Gao, Hai-Tao Ding, Kang Li, Hai-Yan Cao, Ning Wang, Zeng-Tian Gu, Qing Wang, Mei-Ling Sun, Xiu-Lan Chen, Yin Chen, Yu-Zhong Zhang, Hui-Hui Fu, Chun-Yang Li

“…While the role of TMA in promoting cardiovascular diseases and depolarizing olfactory sensory neurons in humans has only recently been explored, many microbes are well known for their ability to utilize TMA as a carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. …”
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The Effect of long-term rapamycin administration on intracellular calcium quantification and RhoA activity in kainic acid epilepsy model by Machlusil Husna, Kusworini Handono, Hidayat Sujuti, Aulanni’am Aulanni’am, Rumman Karimah, Afiyfah Kiysa Waafi, Alya Satira

“…Among the several effects of seizures on neurons is an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and activation of RhoA. …”
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Feline Neural Progenitor Cells I: Long-Term Expansion under Defined Culture Conditions by Jing Yang, Jinmei Wang, Ping Gu, X. Joann You, Henry Klassen

“…The Ultraculture-based cultures expressed lower levels of progenitor and lineage-associated markers under proliferation conditions but retained multipotency as evidenced by the ability to differentiate into neurons and glia following growth factor removal in the presence of FBS. …”
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