Defects in hair cells disrupt the development of auditory peripheral circuitry by Riley T. Bottom, Yijun Xu, Caroline Siebald, Jinsei Jung, Ulrich Müller

“…Treatment modalities for deafness thus need to consider restoration of the function of both hair cells and neurons, even when the primary defect occurs in hair cells.…”
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What is “Hyper” in the ALS Hypermetabolism? by Alberto Ferri, Roberto Coccurello

“…The progressive and fatal loss of upper (brain) and lower (spinal cord) motor neurons and muscle denervation concisely condenses the clinical picture of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). …”
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P-Body Components, microRNA Regulation, and Synaptic Plasticity by Jens Hillebrand, Scott A. Barbee, Mani Ramaswami

“…What is the protein apparatus required for microRNA (miRNA) function and translational repression in neurons? This article reviews our recent work on Me31B, a conserved P-body protein present on Staufen-containing neuronal and maternal ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles, which is required for dendrite morphogenesis and miRNA function in vivo. …”
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The GABA-Withdrawal Syndrome: A Model of Local Status Epilepticus by Carmen Silva-Barrat, Jean Champagnat, Christian Menini

“…In neocorticai slices obtained from GWS rats, most neurons recorded in the GABA-infused area are pyramidal neurons presenting bursting properties. …”
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Influence of proteinoids on calcium carbonate polymorphs precipitation in supersaturated solutions by Panagiotis Mougkogiannis, Andrew Adamatzky

“…The microspheres exhibit electrical activity similar to that of neurons. The electrically spiking microspheres are seen as proto-neurons capable of forming networks and carrying out information transmission and processing. …”
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A nociceptor-specific RNAi screen in Drosophila larvae identifies RNA-binding proteins that regulate thermal nociception by Amber Dyson, Gita Gajjar, Katherine C. Hoffman, Dakota Lewis, Sara Palega, Erik Rangel Silva, James Auwn, Andrew Bellemer

“…Nociception is the process by which sensory neurons detect and encode potentially harmful environmental stimuli to generate behavioral responses. …”
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Application of Purified Botulinum Type A Neurotoxin to Treat Experimental Trigeminal Neuropathy in Rats and Patients with Urinary Incontinence and Prostatic Hyperplasia by Yoshizo Matsuka, Teruhiko Yokoyama, Yumiko Yamamoto, Tomonori Suzuki, Ni Nengah Dwi Fatmawati, Atsushi Nishikawa, Tohru Ohyama, Toshihiro Watanabe, Takuo Kuboki, Atsushi Nagai, Keiji Oguma

“…The effects of NTX on trigeminal neuralgia induced by infraorbital nerve constriction (IoNC) in rats were also studied. Trigeminal ganglion neurons from ipsilateral to IoNC exhibited significantly faster onset of FM4-64 release than sham-operated contralateral neurons. …”
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Identification of candidate genes involved in Zika virus-induced reversible paralysis of mice by John D. Morrey, Venkatraman Siddharthan, Hong Wang, Alexandre L. R. Oliveira, Keiichiro Susuki, Rakesh Kaundal, Sara M. Freeman, Aaron J. Thomas, Naveen Duhan, Nathan G. Corry

“…Using Zikv and Chat chromogenic and fluorescence in situ RNA hybridization, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and ZIKV RT-qPCR, we determined that some paralyzed mice had infected motor neurons, but motor neurons are not reduced in number and the infection was not present in all paralyzed mice; hence infection of motor neurons were not strongly correlated with paralysis. …”
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An atlas of neuropathic pain-associated molecular pathological characteristics in the mouse spinal cord by Fu-Lu Dong, Lina Yu, Pei-Da Feng, Jin-Xuan Ren, Xue-Hui Bai, Jia-Qi Lin, De-Li Cao, Yu-Tao Deng, Yan Zhang, Hui-Hui Shen, Hao Gong, Wen-Xing Sun, Dong-Qiu Chi, Yixiao Mei, Longfei Ma, Ming-Zhe Yin, Meng-Na Li, Peng-Fei Zhang, Nan Hu, Bing-Lin Zhou, Ying Liu, Xuan-Jie Zheng, Yi-Fan Chen, Da Zhong, Yuan-Xiang Tao, Min Yan, Bao-Chun Jiang

“…In addition, for the first time, we systematically exhibit “cross-talk omics” between the DRG neurons and SC dorsal horn neurons and glial cells, indicating an altered communication profile under NP conditions. …”
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Effect of Electroacupuncture Preconditioning on Inflammatory Factors of Rabbits after Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Mengli YAO, Xianghua CHEN, Zhaohui CHEN, Hai WANG

“…Objective:To observe the effects of electroacupuncture preconditioning on the pathological changes of spinal cord tissue and the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-6(IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist(IL-1Rα)after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury, and to explore the protective mechanism of electroacupuncture on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits.Methods:A total of twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into the sham operation group, the model group and the electroacupuncture group according to the random number table method, with eight cases in each group.The model was made by Zivin method in the model group and the electroacupuncture group, the abdominal cavity was opened after intravenous anesthesia at ear margin, the abdominal aorta was exposed and temporarily clamped, and the rabbit model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury was established after ischemia for thirty minutes.The model preparation and experimental animal treatment of the sham operation group were the same as those of the model group, however, the dissection was fully exposed without clamping the abdominal aorta.At thirty minutes before the induction of rabbit spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion model, SDZ-II electroacupuncture instrument was used to acupuncture bilateral"Xuanzhong"and"Yanglingquan"acupoints in the electroacupuncture group, intervention for thirty minutes.All rabbits were killed after intervention for twelve hours, and the L2-5 segments of spinal cord tissue were captured.HE staining method was used to observe the pathological changes of spinal cord tissues in the three groups; Immunohistochemical method was used to observe the localization and content changes of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to detect the contents of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1Rα in serum before modeling and 4, 8, 12 hours after ischemia-reperfusion.Results:①HE staining results: compared with the sham operation group, the number of neurons in spinal cord tissue in the model group decreased, the color of nucleus and cytoplasm of cells became lighter, and the boundary of nuclear membrane was not clear.In severe cases, the nucleus dissolved or even nucleolus disappeared, there were transparent areas around cells, and axons showed different degrees of degeneration such as enlargement, swelling and disappearance; compared with the model group, the number of neurons in the electroacupuncture group increased, the structure of most neurons was clear, the atrophy degree of nucleolus and nucleus was light, only a small amount of cells became deformed and necrosis, the damage degree of cells were lighter, and the density of surviving neurons increased.②Immunohistochemistry results: compared with the sham operation group, the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α of spinal cord tissue in the model group were significantly increased(<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05);compared with the model group, the contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the spinal cord of rabbits in the electroacupuncture group were significantly decreased(<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05).③ELISA results: Before modeling, there was no significant difference in the three groups(<italic>P</italic>&gt;0.05);compared with before modeling, the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1Rα in serum of the three groups increased in different degrees at 4, 8 and 12 h after ischemia-reperfusion, with significantly significance(<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05);compared with the sham operation group at the same time, the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1Rα in the model group increased significantly at 4, 8 and 12 h after reperfusion(<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05);compared with the model group at the same time, the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in the electroacupuncture group decreased significantly at 4, 8, 12 h after reperfusion(<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05).Conclusion:Electroacupuncture pretreatment can effectively alleviate the pathological injury of spinal cord and has a good protective effect on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury, which may be related to inhibit the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and promote the expression of IL-1Rα.…”
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Synaptic motility and functional stability in the whisker cortex by Nimrod Sherf, Maoz Shamir

“…The azimuthal position of a whisker can be estimated from the activity of whisking neurons that respond selectively to a preferred phase along the whisking cycle. …”
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Effects of (±) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on Sleep and Circadian Rhythms by Una D. McCann, George A. Ricaurte

“…Certain stimulants, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), may also have the potential to produce persistent alterations in circadian regulation and sleep because they can be neurotoxic toward brain monoaminergic neurons involved in normal sleep regulation. In particular, MDMA has been found to damage brain serotonin (5-HT) neurons in a variety of animal species, including nonhuman primates, with growing evidence that humans are also susceptible to MDMA-induced brain 5-HT neurotoxicity. 5-HT is an important modulator of sleep and circadian rhythms and, therefore, individuals who sustain MDMA-induced 5-HT neurotoxicity may be at risk for developing chronic abnormalities in sleep and circadian patterns. …”
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Delayed Spiking Neural P Systems with Scheduled Rules by Qianqian Ren, Xiyu Liu

“…And a universal DSN P system having 81 neurons for computing functions is also proved.…”
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Predictive Modeling of Fracture Behavior in Ti6Al4V Alloys Manufactured by SLM Process by Mohsen Sarparast, Majid Shafaie, Mohammad Davoodi, Ahmad Memaran Babakan, Hongyan Zhang

“…Using selected layers and neurons, the system consistently achieved R2-values exceeding 0.99 for both maximum force and fracture displacement. …”
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Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Overview of Human and Animal Studies with Implications for Therapeutic Perspectives Aimed at Memory Recovery by Stefano Farioli-Vecchioli, Valentina Ricci, Silvia Middei

“…The mammalian hippocampal dentate gyrus is a niche for adult neurogenesis from neural stem cells. Newborn neurons integrate into existing neuronal networks, where they play a key role in hippocampal functions, including learning and memory. …”
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Modeling the effect of extrusion parameters on density of biomass pellet using artificial neural network by Abedin Zafari, Mohammad Hossein Kianmehr, Rahman Abdolahzadeh

“…Results: The results showed that a four-layer perceptron network with training algorithm of back propagation, hyperbolic tangential activation function, and Delta training rule with ten neurons in the first hidden layer and four neurons in the second hidden layer had the best performance for the prediction of pellet density. …”
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Haptic Perception with Self-Organizing ANNs and an Anthropomorphic Robot Hand by Magnus Johnsson, Christian Balkenius

“…For the mapping of the explored objects, one system uses a Self-Organizing Map (SOM), one uses a Growing Cell Structure (GCS), one uses a Growing Cell Structure with Deletion of Neurons (GCS-DN), and one uses a Growing Grid (GG). …”
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Role of Fractalkine/CX3CL1 and Its Receptor in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory and Malignant Diseases with Emphasis on B Cell Malignancies by Elisa Ferretti, Vito Pistoia, Anna Corcione

“…It is constitutively expressed in many hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tissues such as endothelial and epithelial cells, lymphocytes, neurons, microglial osteoblasts. The biological activities of CX3CL1 are mediated by CX3CR1, that is expressed on different cell types such as NK cells, CD14+ monocytes, cytotoxic effector T cells, B cells, neurons, microglia, smooth muscle cells, and tumor cells. …”
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From Abnormal Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity in Down Syndrome Mouse Models to Cognitive Disability in Down Syndrome by Nathan Cramer, Zygmunt Galdzicki

“…In this review, we will highlight some of the neurophysiological changes that we believe reduce the ability of trisomic neurons to undergo neuroplasticity-related adaptations. …”
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The Vibrio type VI secretion system induces intestinal macrophage redistribution and enhanced intestinal motility by Julia S. Ngo, Piyush Amitabh, Jonah G. Sokoloff, Calvin Trinh, Travis J. Wiles, Karen Guillemin, Raghuveer Parthasarathy

“…Given known crosstalk between macrophages and enteric neurons, our observations suggest that macrophage redistribution forms a key link between Vibrio activity and intestinal motility. …”
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