Central Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: Genetic Complexity of a Complex Disease by Marco Marino, Valeria Moriondo, Eleonora Vighi, Elisa Pignatti, Manuela Simoni

“…The genetic mechanisms involve mutations in at least twenty-four genes regulating GnRH neuronal migration, secretion, and activity. So far, the mechanisms underlying CHH, both in prepubertal and in adulthood onset forms, remain unknown in most of the cases. …”
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The Effect of Glucocorticoid and Glucocorticoid Receptor Interactions on Brain, Spinal Cord, and Glial Cell Plasticity by Kathryn M. Madalena, Jessica K. Lerch

“…Stress/GCs induce structural plasticity in neurons, Schwann cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes as well as affect neurotransmission by changing the release and reuptake of glutamate. …”
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Case report: Significant lesion reduction and neural structural changes following ibogaine treatments for multiple sclerosis by David Qixiang Chen, José Adalberto Inzunza Domínguez, Juan Manuel Valle Uzeta, Abhiram P. Pushparaj, Abhiram P. Pushparaj, Jonathan E. Dickinson

“…Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by demyelination and neuronal loss. Traditional therapies often fail to halt disease progression or reverse neurological deficits. …”
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Potential Application of Electrical Stimulation in Stem Cell-Based Treatment against Hearing Loss by Mingliang Tang, Xiaoqian Yan, Qilin Tang, Rongrong Guo, Peng Da, Dan Li

“…Deafness is a common human disease, which is mainly caused by irreversible damage to hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the mammalian cochlea. At present, replacement of damaged or missing hair cells and SGNs by stem cell transplantation therapy is an effective treatment. …”
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Genetic Rat Models of Parkinson's Disease by Ryan M. Welchko, Xavier T. Lévêque, Gary L. Dunbar

“…Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a specific loss of dopaminergic neurons. Although the vast majority of PD cases are idiopathic in nature, there is a subset that contains genetic links. …”
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A 17-Year-Old Female with Systemic Lupus Presents with Complex Movement Disorder: Possible Relationship with Antiribosomal P Antibodies by Muhammed Emin Özcan, Meriç Adil Altınöz, Hasan Hüseyin Karadeli, Talip Asil, Abdulkadir Koçer

“…Antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with movement disorders likely via aberrant neuronal stimulation. Antiribosomal P antibodies have been previously associated with neuropsychiatric disorders but their correlation with movement disorder was not previously established. …”
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Meningiomatosis Restricted to the Left Cerebral Hemisphere Presenting with Frontal Lobe Seizure: A Short Communication by Biniyam A. Ayele, Hilina Dagnachew, Meskerem Nimani, Jarsso Tadesse Hirbu

“…Although seizures are cortical phenomena that typically originate from lesions affecting cortical neurons, meningiomas, which arise from the meningeal lining, can still induce seizures due to their proximity to the cerebral cortex. …”
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LoCS-Net: Localizing convolutional spiking neural network for fast visual place recognition by Ugur Akcal, Ugur Akcal, Ugur Akcal, Ivan Georgiev Raikov, Ekaterina Dmitrievna Gribkova, Ekaterina Dmitrievna Gribkova, Anwesa Choudhuri, Anwesa Choudhuri, Seung Hyun Kim, Mattia Gazzola, Rhanor Gillette, Rhanor Gillette, Ivan Soltesz, Girish Chowdhary, Girish Chowdhary, Girish Chowdhary

“…Rate-based approximations of leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neurons are employed during training, which are then replaced with spiking LIF neurons during inference. …”
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High-resolution Cryo-EM Structure Determination of a-Synuclein—A Prototypical Amyloid Fibril by Juan Sanchez, Joshua Pierson, Collin Borcik, Chad Rienstra, Elizabeth Wright

“…The physiological role of a-synuclein (a-syn), an intrinsically disordered presynaptic neuronal protein, is believed to impact the release of neurotransmitters through interactions with the SNARE complex. …”
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Apallic syndrome of toxic origin: the diagnostic criteria by N.V. Kurdil, A.O. Volosovets, O.V. Ivashchenko, V.S. Lisovska, H.M. Balan, O.M. Rozhkova, V.V. Andriushchenko

“…Forensic and histological studies of the cerebral cortex revealed diffuse loss of neurons, neuronophagia, satellitosis, deformed pyramidal neurons with apical dendrites and manifestations of homogenising necrosis, angiomatosis microfoci and neuropil vacuolation, mineralization of the tissue and a moderate glial reaction around the petrifications. …”
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Co-administration of coenzyme Q10 and curcumin mitigates cognitive deficits and exerts neuroprotective effects in aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer's disease in aged mice by Nida Rasheed, Hafiza Khushbakht Hussain, Zohabia Rehman, Azka Sabir, Waseem Ashraf, Tanveer Ahmad, Faleh Alqahtani, Imran Imran

“…Furthermore, CoQ10 and curcumin ameliorated AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity by preserving neuronal cytoarchitecture in both cortical and hippocampal regions. …”
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Evidence for direct dopaminergic connections between substantia nigra pars compacta and thalamus in young healthy humans by Giovanni Cirillo, Giuseppina Caiazzo, Federica Franza, Mario Cirillo, Michele Papa, Fabrizio Esposito

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Electroacupuncture Pretreatment Elicits Tolerance to Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion through Inhibition of the GluN2B/m-Calpain/p38 MAPK Proapoptotic Pathway by Bao-yu Zhang, Guan-ran Wang, Wen-hua Ning, Jian Liu, Sha Yang, Yan Shen, Yang Wang, Meng-xiong Zhao, Li Li

“…This EA pretreatment regime could improve neurofunction, decrease cerebral infarction volume, and reduce neuronal apoptosis 24 hours after cerebral I/R injury. …”
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ATF3 Knockdown Exacerbates Astrocyte Activation by Inhibiting Phosphorylation of Drp1 in Ischemic Stroke by Huang R, Huang X, Yang H, Wu H, Liu F, Saw PE, Cao M

“…Rong Huang,1 Xiaoyan Huang,1 Hongmei Yang,1 Haixuan Wu,1 Fan Liu,1 Phei Er Saw,2,3 Minghui Cao1,4 1Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China; 2Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China; 3Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Anesthesiology, Shenshan Medical Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shanwei, 516600, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Phei Er Saw; Minghui Cao, Email caipeie@mail.sysu.edu.cn; caomh@mail.sysu.edu.cnIntroduction: ATF3, a stress-induced transcription factor, has been implicated in the injury processes of various cell types, including neurons. It is recognized as a common marker for neuronal damage following neurotrauma. …”
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Effect of the Iridoid-rich Fraction from <italic>Valeriana jatamansi</italic> Jones on Oxidative Stress in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury by Jiaojuan HUANG, Wenchun WANG, Deqi XIONG, Hao LU, Wu XIANG, Xiaohua ZHAO, Ruihan ZHOU, Anren ZHANG

“…The results of the HE staining showed that the structure of gray matter and white matter of the spinal cord tissue in the sham-operated group were normal at the perilesional area, the structure of the neurons was also clear, and no significant spinal cord injured was found; compared with the sham-operated group, the spinal cord structure was severely damaged in the model group: the gray matter of the central part of the spinal cord and the white matter of the surrounding part of the spinal cord turned into blur because of injury and a large number of neurons degenerated, a number of nerve cells even appeared necrosis, and the cell structure was seriously destroyed at the same time, and in addition, the nuclear turned into shrinkage or dissolution and passed away, accompanying with varying degrees of neutrophil infiltration and a large number of microglia proliferation; compared with the model group, the spinal cord structure of the treatment group with iridoid-rich fraction from <italic>Valeriana jatamansi</italic> Jones significantly improved, and there were only small areas presenting a neuronal necrosis, a small amount of eosinophils increasing and a small number of eosinophils microglia infiltration in the spinal cord tissue at the perilesional area, and at the same time, the histopathological scores in tissue sections were lower(<italic>P</italic>&lt; 0.05). …”
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Gearbox Fault Diagnosis based on LMD Approximate Entropy and PSO-ELM by Zhang Yuxue, Pan Hongxia

“…Finally,the input weights of ELM and the threshold value of the hidden layer neurons are optimized by the particle swarm optimization algorithm,the model of PSO-ELM is established,and the approximate entropy values are input into the ELM and PSO-ELM models to recognize and classify the fault types of the gearbox of different conditions. …”
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Place Cells, Grid Cells, Attractors, and Remapping by Kathryn J. Jeffery

“…Attractor dynamics may explain both why neurons react coherently following sufficiently large changes to the environment (discrete attractors) and how firing patterns move smoothly from one representation to the next as an animal moves through space (continuous attractors). …”
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Maximizing the Survival of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients: Current Perspectives by Osama A. Khairoalsindi, Ahmad R. Abuzinadah

“…Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to loss of the upper and lower motor neurons. Almost 90% of all cases occur in the sporadic form, with the rest occurring in the familial form. …”
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A Study on the 3D Hopfield Neural Network Model via Nonlocal Atangana–Baleanu Operators by Shahram Rezapour, Pushpendra Kumar, Vedat Suat Erturk, Sina Etemad

“…A number of cases are taken by using two different sets of values of the activation gradient of the neurons as well as six different initial conditions. …”
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Personalized recommendation model with multi-level latent features by Qing SHEN, Wenbin GUO, Jungang LOU, Qiangguo YU

“…Personalized recommendation has become one of the most effective means to solve information overload, and it is also a hot technology in the research field of massive data mining.However, traditional recommendation algorithms often only use the user’s rating information on the item, and lack a comprehensive consideration of the potential characteristics of the user and the item.The factorization machine, wide neural network, crossover network and deep neural network were combined to extract the shallow latent features, low-order nonlinear latent features, linear cross latent features, and high-order nonlinear latent features of users and items.Thus, a new deep learning personalized recommendation model with multilevel latent features was established.The experimental results on four commonly used data sets show that considering the multi-level potential features of users and items can effectively improve the prediction accuracy of personalized recommendations.Finally, the influence of factors such as the dimensions of the embedding layer and the number of neurons on the prediction performance of the new model was studied.…”
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