Plasticity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Mouse Bone Marrow in the Presence of Conditioned Medium of the Facial Nerve and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 by Eudes Euler de Souza Lucena, Fausto Pierdoná Guzen, José Rodolfo Lopes de Paiva Cavalcanti, Maria Jocileide de Medeiros Marinho, Wogelsanger Oliveira Pereira, Carlos Augusto Galvão Barboza, Miriam Stela Mariz de Oliveira Costa, Expedito Silva do Nascimento Júnior, Jeferson Sousa Cavalcante

“…Cells cultured with conditioned medium alone or combined with FGF-2 showed morphological features apparently similar at certain times to neurons and glia and a significant proliferative activity in groups 2 and 4. …”
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Effect of regional crosstalk between sympathetic nerves and sensory nerves on temporomandibular joint osteoarthritic pain by Zhangyu Ma, Qianqian Wan, Wenpin Qin, Wen Qin, Janfei Yan, Yina Zhu, Yuzhu Wang, Yuxuan Ma, Meichen Wan, Xiaoxiao Han, Haoyan Zhao, Yuxuan Hou, Franklin R. Tay, Lina Niu, Kai Jiao

“…In vitro experiments also confirmed that norepinephrine released by sympathetic neurons promotes the activation and axonal growth of sensory neurons. …”
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Traumatic Brain Injury Promotes Neurogenesis and Oligodendrogenesis in Subcortical Brain Regions of Mice by Olga Astakhova, Anna Ivanova, Ilia Komoltsev, Natalia Gulyaeva, Grigori Enikolopov, Alexander Lazutkin

“…These findings suggest that subcortical structures, particularly the striatum and optic tract, may possess a potential for self-repair through neuronal regeneration and axon remyelination.…”
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Involvement of Toll Like Receptor 2 Signaling in Secondary Injury during Experimental Diffuse Axonal Injury in Rats by Yonglin Zhao, Junjie Zhao, Ming Zhang, Yahui Zhao, Jiaxi Li, Xudong Ma, Tingqin Huang, Honggang Pang, Bo Wang, Jinning Song

“…In this study, we demonstrated the expression of TLR2 levels in cortex, corpus callosum, and internal capsule and the localization of TLR2 in neurons and glial cells in rat DAI models. Intracerebral knockdown of TLR2 significantly downregulated TLR2 expression, attenuated cortical apoptosis, lessened glial response, and reduced the secondary axonal and neuronal injury in the cortex by inhibiting phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) including Erk, JNK, and p38, translocation of NF-κB p65 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and decreasing levels of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. …”
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Direct Spinal Ventral Root Repair following Avulsion: Effectiveness of a New Heterologous Fibrin Sealant on Motoneuron Survival and Regeneration by Mateus Vidigal de Castro, Roberta Barbizan, Rui Seabra Ferreira, Benedito Barraviera, Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira

“…The spinal cords were processed to evaluate neuronal survival, synaptic stability, and glial reactivity, 4 and 12 weeks after lesion. …”
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Glycosylated lysosomal membrane protein promotes tissue repair after spinal cord injury by reducing iron deposition and ferroptosis in microglia by Fangru Ouyang, Meige Zheng, Jianjian Li, Jinxin Huang, Jianan Ye, Jingwen Wang, Yuanzhe Zhao, Fangli Shan, Ziyu Li, Shuishen Yu, Fei Yao, Dasheng Tian, Li Cheng, Juehua Jing

“…Abstract Excessive iron deposition can lead to ferroptosis, a form of iron-dependent cell death detrimental to neuronal survival. Microglia have been identified as having a high capacity for iron deposition, yet it remains unclear whether microglia undergo ferroptosis while phagocytosing excessive amounts of iron after spinal cord injury (SCI). …”
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An unstable variant of GAP43 leads to neurodevelopmental deficiency by Mariko Noda, Ayumi Matsumoto, Hidenori Ito, Masayo Kagami, Toshihiro Tajima, Takayoshi Matsumura, Takanori Yamagata, Koh-ichi Nagata

“…The variant GAP43 protein was unstable in primary cultured cortical neurons and hippocampal neurons in vitro. In utero electroporation of the variant protein also confirmed its instability in vivo, suggesting that the variant led to a condition similar with haploinsufficiency in the patient. …”
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Modulation of Preactivation of PPAR-β on Memory and Learning Dysfunction and Inflammatory Response in the Hippocampus in Rats Exposed to Global Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion by Ge Kuang, Qin He, Yunmei Zhang, Ruichun Zhuang, Anling Xiang, Qingsong Jiang, Ying Luo, Junqing Yang

“…The rats showed memory and cognitive impairment and cytomorphological change in the hippocampus neurons following GCIRI. These effects were significantly improved by pretreatment with GW0742 in the dose-dependent manner. …”
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Chronic Mild Stress Modulates Activity-Dependent Transcription of BDNF in Rat Hippocampal Slices by Raffaella Molteni, Andrea C. Rossetti, Elisa Savino, Giorgio Racagni, Francesca Calabrese

“…Being the activity-regulated transcription a critical process in synaptic and neuronal plasticity, the different regulation of individual BDNF promoters may contribute to long-lasting changes, which are fundamental for the vulnerability of the hippocampus to stress-related diseases.…”
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Combined Supplementation of Choline and Docosahexaenoic Acid during Pregnancy Enhances Neurodevelopment of Fetal Hippocampus by Huban Thomas Rajarethnem, Kumar Megur Ramakrishna Bhat, Malsawmzuali Jc, Siva Kumar Gopalkrishnan, Ramesh Babu Mugundhu Gopalram, Kiranmai Sesappa Rai

“…Pups from choline or DHA supplemented group showed significant (p<0.05) increase in number of neurons in hippocampus when compared to the same in NC and SC groups. …”
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Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Synaptic Plasticity and Alzheimer's Disease by Shiv K. Sharma

“…This review describes the role of HGF in hippocampal neurons, synaptic plasticity, and the memory impairment condition, Alzheimer's disease.…”
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Generation, interrogation, and future applications of microglia-containing brain organoids by Julia Di Stefano, Federica Di Marco, Ilaria Cicalini, Una FitzGerald, Damiana Pieragostino, Marleen Verhoye, Peter Ponsaerts, Elise Van Breedam

“…By summarizing the different approaches applied to incorporate microglia, it is highlighted that immune-competent brain organoids are not only important for studying neuronal network formation, but also offer a clear future as a new tool to study inflammatory responses in vitro in 3D in a brain-like environment. …”
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Evaluation of L-carnitine's protective properties against AlCl3-induced brain, liver, and renal toxicity in rats. by Haifa Ali Alqhtani

“…Long-term overconsumption of AlCl3 results in hepatic and renal toxicity as well as neuronal inflammation. The purpose of the research is to assess the potential protective effects of various L-carnitine dosages as an antioxidant against hebato, renal, and neuronal toxicity in rats caused by aluminum chloride (AlCl3) (20 mg/kg, 1/20 LD 50). …”
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Advancing Neuroscience and Therapy: Insights into Genetic and Non-Genetic Neuromodulation Approaches by Weijia Zhi, Ying Li, Lifeng Wang, Xiangjun Hu

“…Genetic methods, such as sonogenetics and magnetogenetics, have demonstrated high specificity and temporal precision in targeting neuronal populations, while non-genetic methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and photobiomodulation therapy, offer noninvasive and versatile clinical intervention options. …”
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The antioxidant potential of bacoside and its derivatives in Alzheimer's disease: The molecular mechanistic paths and therapeutic prospects by Dipanjan Karati, Swarupananda Mukherjee, Souvik Roy

“…Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a senile decay of neurons. Extracellular beta-amyloid accumulation and intracellular tau hyperphosphorylation are two key characteristics of the pathogenesis of AD. …”
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Mapping spreading depolarisations after traumatic brain injury: a pilot clinical study protocol by Anant Naik, Samuel W Cramer, Isabela Peña Pino, Danielle Carlson, Michael C Park, David P Darrow

“…Introduction Cortical spreading depolarisation (CSD) is characterised by a near-complete loss of the ionic membrane potential of cortical neurons and glia propagating across the cerebral cortex, which generates a transient suppression of spontaneous neuronal activity. …”
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Glucose Fluctuation Inhibits Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Hippocampal Tissues and Exacerbates Cognitive Impairment in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats by Haiyan Chi, Yujing Sun, Peng Lin, Junyu Zhou, Jinbiao Zhang, Yachao Yang, Yun Qiao, Deshan Liu

“…Moreover, the morphological structure of hippocampal neurons was viewed through HE and Nissl staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed for ultrastructure observation. …”
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Generalized Extension of Referred Trigeminal Pain due to Greater Occipital Nerve Entrapment by Jung-woo Hyung, Byung-chul Son

“…Chronic noxious input from GON entrapment can cause sensitization and hypersensitivity in second order neurons in the trigeminocervical complex (TCC) and MDH in the caudal trigeminal nucleus and high cervical cord. …”
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Microglial Lyzl4 Facilitates β‐Amyloid Clearance in Alzheimer's Disease by Jie Pan, Jie Zhong, Ji Geng, Jane Oberhauser, Shihua Shi, Jun Wan

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Artificial Neural Network-Based System for PET Volume Segmentation by Mhd Saeed Sharif, Maysam Abbod, Abbes Amira, Habib Zaidi

“…ANN performance evaluation using different training algorithms in both spatial and wavelet domains with a different number of neurons in the hidden layer is also presented. The best number of neurons in the hidden layer is determined according to the experimental results, which is also stated Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation training algorithm as the best training approach for the proposed application. …”
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