Brown Bowel Syndrome Is a Rare and Commonly Missed Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review by Joaquin Ponce-Zepeda, Wenchang Guo, Giorgioni Carmen, Daniel Moon Kim, Gregory C. Albers, Vishal Suresh Chandan, Xiaodong Li

“…Microscopic examination revealed unremarkable mucosa, but dense granular brown pigments were identified in the cytoplasm of the smooth muscle cells in the muscularis propria. These deposits resulted to be lipofuscin, and BBS was diagnosed. …”
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The Regulation Effect of α7nAChRs and M1AChRs on Inflammation and Immunity in Sepsis by Song Hu, Yundong Wang, Hongbing Li

“…It coordinates not only the sympathetic system and vagus system but also the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine system to regulate inflammation and immunity; α7nAChRs are widely expressed in immune cells, neurons, and muscle cells; the activation of α7nAChRs can suppress local and systemic inflammation; the expression of α7nAChRs represents the acute or chronic inflammatory state to a certain extent; M1AChRs are mainly expressed in the advanced centers of the brain and regulate systemic inflammation; neuroinflammation of the MVZ, hypothalamus, and forebrain induced by sepsis not only leads to their dysfunctions but also underlies the regulatory dysfunction on systemic inflammation and immunity. …”
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Exosomes and microRNAs as mediators of the exercise by Haoyuan Li, Guifang Liu, Bing Wang, Mohammad Reza Momeni

“…These molecules play main roles in important processes such as the growth of skeletal muscle and heart muscle cells, the creation of mitochondria, the development of the vascular system, and the regulation of metabolism. …”
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Endothelin Receptors Expressed by Immune Cells Are Involved in Modulation of Inflammation and in Fibrosis: Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis by Tinazzi Elisa, Puccetti Antonio, Patuzzo Giuseppe, Barbieri Alessandro, Argentino Giuseppe, Confente Federico, Dolcino Marzia, Beri Ruggero, Marchi Giacomo, Ottria Andrea, Righetti Daniela, Rampudda Mariaelisa, Lunardi Claudio

“…ET-1 receptors (ETA and ETB) are expressed on endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts, but their presence on immune cells has not been deeply investigated so far. …”
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Changes in Angiotensin Receptor Distribution and in Aortic Morphology Are Associated with Blood Pressure Control in Aged Metabolic Syndrome Rats by Verónica Guarner-Lans, Elizabeth Soria-Castro, Rocío Torrico-Lavayen, Araceli Patrón-Soberano, Karla G. Carvajal-Aguilera, Vicente Castrejón-Tellez, María Esther Rubio-Ruiz

“…Electron microscopy images showed premature aging in MS since the increased fibrosis, enlarged endothelium, and invasion of this layer by muscle cells that was present in control 18-month-old aortas were also found in 6-month-old aortas from MS rats. …”
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The Role of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis: The Myths and the Facts by Giuseppe Maiolino, Giacomo Rossitto, Paola Caielli, Valeria Bisogni, Gian Paolo Rossi, Lorenzo A. Calò

“…Experimental data carried out in cellular lines and animal models of atherosclerosis support the proatherogenic role of oxidized LDLs: (a) through chemotactic and proliferating actions on monocytes/macrophages, inciting their transformation into foam cells; (b) through stimulation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) recruitment and proliferation in the tunica intima; (c) through eliciting endothelial cells, SMCs, and macrophages apoptosis with ensuing necrotic core development. …”
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Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Prevents Cellular Aging via Activation of Mitophagy by Xuwei Hou, Zhaohui Li, Yusuke Higashi, Patrice Delafontaine, Sergiy Sukhanov

“…Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) promotes survival of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), but its potential effect on cellular aging is unknown yet. …”
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Effect of the Lipoxygenase Inhibitor Baicalein on Muscles in Ovariectomized Rats by D. Saul, J. H. Kling, R. L. Kosinsky, D. B. Hoffmann, M. Komrakova, M. Wicke, B. Menger, S. Sehmisch

“…Therefore, a protective effect of baicalein on muscle cells can be assumed.…”
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Immunohistochemistry for (Pro)renin Receptor in Humans by Satoshi Morimoto, Noriko Morishima, Daisuke Watanabe, Yoichiro Kato, Noriyuki Shibata, Atsuhiro Ichihara

“…It was observed in thyroid follicular epithelial cells, hepatic cells, pancreatic duct epithelial cells, zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis of the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland, proximal and distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney, cardiomyocytes, and skeletal muscle cells. In the brain, (pro)renin receptor staining was detected in neurons throughout all areas, especially in the medulla oblongata, paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, cerebrum, granular layer of the hippocampus, Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum, and the pituitary anterior and posterior lobes. …”
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Crosstalk between MicroRNAs and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Their Emerging Regulatory Roles in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology by Yin-Feng Zhang, Hai-Ming Xu, Fei Yu, Man Wang, Meng-Yang Li, Tao Xu, Yan-Yan Gao, Jian-Xun Wang, Pei-Feng Li

“…PPARs are inhibited by miRNAs at posttranscriptional mechanisms in the progress of pulmonary hypertension and vascular dysfunction involving cell proliferation/apoptosis, communication, and normal function of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. In the development of atherosclerosis and stroke, the activation of PPARs could change the transcripts of target miRNA through miRNA signalling. …”
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Vascular Contractility Relies on Integrity of Progranulin Pathway: Insights Into Mitochondrial Function by Shubhnita Singh, Ariane Bruder, Rafael M. Costa, Juliano V. Alves, Sivakama Bharathi, Eric S. Goetzman, Thiago Bruder‐Nascimento

“…In addition, in vivo treatment with mitochondrial fission inhibitor restored mitochondrial quality and vascular contractility, while vascular smooth muscle cells overexpressing PGRN displayed higher lysosome biogenesis, accelerated mitophagy flux, and mitochondrial respiration accompanied by vascular hypercontractility. …”
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Ghrelin Protects Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury Rats against Pulmonary Vascular Dysfunction by Inhibiting Inflammation by Guang Li, Chen-Liang Zhou, Wen-Fang Xia, Di Zhang, Hui-Qing Lin

“…Immunohistochemical staining to detect alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression was performed to assess the intrapulmonary arterial wall thickness and the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, respectively. Results. The ghrelin-pretreated ALI rats showed lower mPAP, RVSP, PCNA expression, MPO activity, W/D lung weight ratio, TNF-α and IL-6 levels, and BALF cell count than the saline-pretreated ALI rats, but ghrelin had no effect on the intrapulmonary arterial wall thickness of ALI rats. …”
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CB-MNCs@ CS/HEC/GP promote wound healing in aged murine pressure ulcer model by Zhi-cheng Yang, He Lin, Guo-jun Liu, Hui Pan, Jun-lu Zhu, Xiao-hong Zhang, Feng Gao, Zhong Wang, Zhi-hao Wang

“…Further investigation revealed that CB-MNCs@CS/HEC/GP exerted therapeutic effects by promoting changes in cell types, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Conclusion CB-MNCs@CS/HEC/GP enhanced the delivery efficiency of CB-MNCs, preserved the cell viability, and contributed to pressure ulcer wound healing. …”
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Derivation and Identification of Motor Neurons from Human Urine-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Huan Yi, Bingbing Xie, Ben Liu, Xuan Wang, Li Xu, Jia Liu, Min Li, Xiufeng Zhong, Fuhua Peng

“…Furthermore, in coculture with muscle cells, MNs projected long axons and formed neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). …”
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Endothelial cells under disturbed flow release extracellular vesicles to promote inflammatory polarization of macrophages and accelerate atherosclerosis by Zhe Hou, Li Deng, Fei Fang, Ting Zhao, Yaojia Zhang, Gang Li, Michael Z. Miao, Yongcang Zhang, Hongchi Yu, Xiaoheng Liu

“…However, the phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells was not affected by exposure to these EVs. …”
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Correlation between Cellular Autophagy and Color Changes in Qinchuan Cattle Meat during Postmortem Aging by LIANG Yanqun, SI Jianfang, MA Meng, GAO Shuang, LI Yalei, LUO Ruiming

“…Moreover, the key proteins related to cellular autophagy were expressed to different degrees during the postmortem process, and muscle cells exhibited autophagy, the strongest autophagic activity being observed at 96 h. …”
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Vascular Protective Effects of Morinda citrifolia Leaf Extract on Postmenopausal Rats Fed with Thermoxidized Palm Oil Diet: Evidence at Microscopic Level by C. L. G. Chong, Faizah Othman, Farida Hussan

“…The untreated OVX group showed evident histological and ultrastructural features of vascular inflammation such as blood cells accumulation in the lumen, vacuolation of the endothelial cells, subendothelial space widening, elastic fibres disruption, increased intima media thickness (IMT), smooth muscle cells fragmentation, and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) deposition. …”
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Atractylenolide-I prevents abdominal aortic aneurysm formation through inhibiting inflammation by Shuxiao Chen, Xiaotian Liu, Xincheng Zhou, Weixiao Lin, Minting Liu, Haoran Ma, Keli Zhong, Qiming Ma, Chengjian Qin, Chengjian Qin

“…Moreover, ATL-I restrained loss of smooth muscle cells and elastic fiber degradation by suppressing MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. …”
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Diet Supplementation Influences Ghrelin System Expression in the Skin Appendages of the Sheep by Margherita Maranesi, Cecilia Dall’Aglio, Sara Moscatelli, Elisa Palmioli, Paola Coliolo, Daniele Marini, Gabriella Guelfi, Paola Scocco, Francesca Mercati

“…Indeed, the ligand was localized in the hair follicles whereas the receptor was also observed in sweat glands and smooth muscle cells. The expression of both genes was significantly higher in the Exp group (3.6 and 2.9 folds respectively, <i>p</i> < 0.05) compared with the MxF group. …”
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STAT6 deficiency mitigates the severity of pulmonary arterial hypertension caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia by suppressing Th2-inducing cytokines by Pan Jiang, Huai Huang, Zilong Liu, Guiling Xiang, Xiaodan Wu, Shengyu Hao, Shanqun Li

“…IL-4, rather than IL-13, activated STAT6 in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hPASMCs). STAT6 knockdown decreased the proliferation in IL-4 treated hPASMCs. …”
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