Polycystic Ovary Syndrome May Be an Autoimmune Disorder by Hifsa Mobeen, Nadeem Afzal, Muhammad Kashif

“…Different autoantibodies have been documented in PCOS, for example, anti-nuclear (ANA), anti-thyroid, anti-spermatic, anti-SM, anti-histone, anti-carbonic anhydrase, anti-ovarian, and anti-islet cell antibodies. There is an association between PCOS and autoimmune diseases such as ANA and anti-TPO that have been documented in systemic lupus erythematosus and Hashimoto thyroiditis, respectively, and it is suspected that there are autoantibodies that might affect the long term clinical management of these patients. …”
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Interferon-α promotes HLA-B-restricted presentation of conventional and alternative antigens in human pancreatic β-cells by Alexia Carré, Fatoumata Samassa, Zhicheng Zhou, Javier Perez-Hernandez, Christiana Lekka, Anthony Manganaro, Masaya Oshima, Hanqing Liao, Robert Parker, Annalisa Nicastri, Barbara Brandao, Maikel L. Colli, Decio L. Eizirik, Jahnavi Aluri, Deep Patel, Marcus Göransson, Orlando Burgos Morales, Amanda Anderson, Laurie Landry, Farah Kobaisi, Raphael Scharfmann, Lorella Marselli, Piero Marchetti, Sylvaine You, Maki Nakayama, Sine R. Hadrup, Sally C. Kent, Sarah J. Richardson, Nicola Ternette, Roberto Mallone

“…While the resting β-cell immunopeptidome is dominated by HLA-A-restricted peptides, IFN-α largely favors HLA-B and only marginally upregulates HLA-A, translating into increased HLA-B-restricted peptide presentation and activation of HLA-B-restricted CD8+ T cells. Lastly, islets of patients with T1D show preferential HLA-B hyper-expression when compared with non-diabetic donors, and islet-infiltrating CD8+ T cells reactive to HLA-B-restricted granule peptides are found in T1D donors. …”
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Unique Aspects of Cryptochrome in Chronobiology and Metabolism, Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction, and Regeneration: Research into Cysteine414-Alanine Mutant CRY1 by Satoshi Okano

“…New information is described with emphasis on the aspects of islet architecture, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, and regeneration.…”
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Diabetes mellitus: The pathophysiology as a canvas for management elucidation and strategies by Franklyn Nonso Iheagwam, Olawumi Toyin Iheagwam

“…Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a progressive metabolic disease characterised by high blood glucose due to autoimmune destruction of the β-islet of Langerhans or gradual development of insulin resistance and β-cell degeneration. …”
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Neuroimmune axis: Linking environmental factors to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in Diabetes by Luz Andreone

“…Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and islet inflammation are common characteristics of both types of the disease. …”
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In Vitro Characterization of Motor Neurons and Purkinje Cells Differentiated from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Generated from Patients with Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of... by Aurélie Louit, Marie-Josée Beaudet, Mathieu Blais, François Gros-Louis, Nicolas Dupré, François Berthod

“…Both types of iPSC-derived neurons expressed the characteristic neuronal markers β3-tubulin, neurofilaments M and H, as well as specific markers like Islet-1 for motor neurons, and parvalbumin or calbindin for Purkinje cells. …”
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The Roles of Thyroid and Thyroid Hormone in Pancreas: Physiology and Pathology by Chaoran Chen, Zhenxing Xie, Yingbin Shen, Shu Fang Xia

“…Furthermore, recent studies have shown that THs also play important roles in pancreas development and on islet pathology, both in diabetes and in pancreatic cancer. …”
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Persistent Suppression of Type 1 Diabetes by a Multicomponent Vaccine Containing a Cholera Toxin B Subunit-Autoantigen Fusion Protein and Complete Freund’s Adjuvant by Béla Dénes, István Fodor, William H. R. Langridge

“…Systemic coinoculation of prediabetic mice with recombinant vaccinia virus rVV-CTB::GAD and undiluted or 10-fold diluted CFA demonstrated a significant decrease in hyperglycemia and pancreatic islet inflammation in comparison with control animals during 17–61 and 17–105 weeks of age, respectively. …”
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The Natural History of Pancreatic Cancer in Manitoba: A Population Based Study by Jack Martin, Brian H Weinerman

“…Two hundred and fourteen exocrine cases were identified, and known islet cell tumours, lymphomas and sarcomas were excluded. …”
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Inhibition of IAPP Aggregation and Toxicity by Natural Products and Derivatives by Amit Pithadia, Jeffrey R. Brender, Carol A. Fierke, Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy

“…Fibrillar aggregates of human islet amyloid polypeptide, hIAPP, a pathological feature seen in some diabetes patients, are a likely causative agent for pancreatic beta-cell toxicity, leading to a transition from a state of insulin resistance to type II diabetes through the loss of insulin producing beta-cells by hIAPP induced toxicity. …”
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Upregulation of FOXO3 in New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus by Magdalena Zurawek, Marta Fichna, Piotr Fichna, Maria Czainska, Natalia Rozwadowska

“…In conclusion, overexpression of FOXO3 is correlated with the ongoing islet autoimmune destruction and might suggest a potential role for this gene in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus.…”
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Ketogenic Diet-Induced Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Young Adult with Unrecognized Type 1 Diabetes by Suranut Charoensri, Jin Sothornwit, Akeatit Trirattanapikul, Chatlert Pongchaiyakul

“…Low C-peptide level and positive islet autoantibodies confirmed the new diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in this patient. …”
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Growth Hormone Therapy for Small for Gestational Age Short Stature Develops Type 2 Diabetes by Naohiro Nomura, Yuko Tanabe, Miki Minami, Junji Takaya, Kazunari Kaneko

“…Blood test results were negative for anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase and anti-islet antigen-2 antibodies. The patient discontinued GH therapy and started diet therapy and oral metformin (500 mg/day) administration. …”
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On the Environmental Factors Affecting the Structural and Cytotoxic Properties of IAPP Peptides by Marianna Flora Tomasello, Alessandro Sinopoli, Giuseppe Pappalardo

“…Pancreatic islets in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are characterized by reduced β-cells mass and diffuse extracellular amyloidosis. …”
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Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 with Concomitant Existence of Malignant Insulinoma: A Rare Finding by Randhir Sagar Yadav, Ashik Pokharel, Deepshikha Gaire, Shumneva Shrestha, Ashbita Pokharel, Sumita Pradhan, Prasan Bir Singh Kansakar

“…Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a rare syndrome of autosomal dominant inheritance defined by co-occurrence of two or more tumors originating from the parathyroid gland, pancreatic islet cells, and/or anterior pituitary. Insulinoma which has an incidence of 0.4% is a rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. …”
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Generation of Transplantable Beta Cells for Patient-Specific Cell Therapy by Xiaojie Wang, Daniel L. Metzger, Mark Meloche, Jianqiang Hao, Ziliang Ao, Garth L. Warnock

“…Islet cell transplantation offers a potential cure for type 1 diabetes, but it is challenged by insufficient donor tissue and side effects of current immunosuppressive drugs. …”
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High Glucose Aggravates the Detrimental Effects of Pancreatic Stellate Cells on Beta-Cell Function by Min Zha, Wei Xu, Qing Zhai, Fengfei Li, Bijun Chen, Zilin Sun

“…Sixteen weeks after transplantation, β-cell function, apoptosis, and islet fibrosis were assessed. In vitro the effects of PSCs conditioned medium (PSCs-CM) and/or high concentration of glucose on INS-1 cell function was assessed by measuring insulin secretion, INS-1 cell survival, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) associated CHOP expression. …”
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Symptomatic Hypoglycemia Related to Inappropriately High IGF-II Serum Levels in a Patient with Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor by Williams Fernandes Barra, Gilberto Castro, Ana Oliveira Hoff, Sheila A. C. Siqueira, Paulo M. Hoff

“…Laboratory showed slight rise of IGF-II and significant increase of the ratio IGF-II : IGF-I, which is pathognomonic of non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH). He received the diagnoses of NICTH related to IGF-II inappropriate production by DSRCT. …”
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Innovative immunotherapies and emerging treatments in type 1 diabetes management by Malek Zarei, Mohammad Abbas Sheikholeslami, Masoud Mozaffari, Yassar Mortada

“…Beta cell therapies, including islet transplantation, offer promising outcomes but face challenges related to immunosuppression and donor availability. …”
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The Role of HMGB1 in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes by Yanan Wang, Jixin Zhong, Xiangzhi Zhang, Ziwei Liu, Yuan Yang, Quan Gong, Boxu Ren

“…Importantly, we will summarize and renovate the role of HMGB1 and HMGB1-mediated inflammatory pathways in adipose tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, and islet dysfunction. Future Directions. HMGB1 and its downstream receptors RAGE and TLRs may serve as potential antidiabetic targets. …”
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