The Role of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis by Mohsin H. K. Roshan, Amos Tambo, Nikolai P. Pace

“…Furthermore, TLR9 also stimulates interferon-α (INF-α) secretion and increases cytotoxic activity of CD4+ T-cells towards coronary artery tunica media smooth muscle cells. …”
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Systems Biological Approaches Reveal Non-additive Responses and Multiple Crosstalk Mechanisms between TLR and GPCR Signaling by Jayalakshmi Krishnan, Sangdun Choi

“…In addition, to determine the network communications among the TLR, Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), and GPCR, we tested RAW 264.7 cells with KDO, interferon-β, or cAMP analog 8-Br. The ligands were also administered as a pair of double and triple combinations.…”
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Clinical Relevance of HLA Gene Variants in HBV Infection by Li Wang, Zhi-Qiang Zou, Kai Wang

“…These variations also influence the efficacy of interferon (IFN) and nucleot(s)ide analogue (NA) treatment and response to HBV vaccines. …”
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Effect Observation of Comprehensive Pulmonary Rehabilitation Therapy combined with Acupoint Application in Elderly Patients with COPD by Houmei TANG, Xiaohong GU, Juan DENG

“…The control group was treated with comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation therapy, the observation group was treated with comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation therapy combined with acupoint application therapy on the basis of control group.After treatment for three years, the immune functions of natural killer cells (NK), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in two groups were evaluated; the clinical symptoms of cough, expectoration and dyspnea were evaluated by visual simulation score (VAS);the quality of life was evaluated by BODE index;and observe the adverse reactions.Results:Compared with treatment before, NK, FEV₁percentage of predicted value, 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) in the two groups increased significantly, IFN-γ, TNF-α, cough, sputum and dyspnea scores reduced significantly, and the improvement degree of the observation group was significantly better than that of the control group, with statistically significant difference (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.05).Conclusion:Comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation therapy combined with acupoint application can improve the immune function of elderly patients with COPD, alleviate clinical symptoms, and improve exercise endurance and quality of life..…”
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Activation of CD147 with Cyclophilin A Induces the Expression of IFITM1 through ERK and PI3K in THP-1 Cells by Ju-Young Kim, Ho Kim, Kyoungho Suk, Won-Ha Lee

“…In order to identify genes that are induced by activation of CD147, THP-1 cells were stimulated with Cyclophilin A and differentially expressed genes were detected using PCR-based analysis. Interferon-induced transmembrane 1 (IFITM1) was detected to be induced and it was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. …”
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An Update on the Management of Chronic Hepatitis C: 2015 Consensus Guidelines from the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver by Robert P Myers, Hemant Shah, Kelly W Burak, Curtis Cooper, Jordan J Feld

“…Specifically, direct-acting antiviral agents with dramatically improved rates of virological clearance compared with standard therapy have been developed and interferon-free, all-oral antiviral regimens have been approved. …”
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Pseudorabies virus infection triggers pUL46-mediated phosphorylation of connexin-43 and closure of gap junctions to promote intercellular virus spread. by Alexander Tishchenko, Nicolás Romero, Cliff Van Waesberghe, Jonas L Delva, Oliver Vickman, Gregory A Smith, Thomas C Mettenleiter, Walter Fuchs, Barbara G Klupp, Herman W Favoreel

“…Intercellular spread of UL46null PRV is also rescued by inhibition of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), suggesting that pUL46-mediated suppression of GJIC contributes to intercellular virus spread by hindering intercellular communication that activates STING. …”
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Research Progress in Diseases Caused by STAT1 Gain-of-Function Mutations by LI Linpeng, MA Jing, GU Hao, SHU Zhou, MAO Huawei

“…Gain-of-function mutations in STAT1 (STAT1-GOF) impaired the dephosphorylation of STAT1 protein, mediated the enhancement of cell signaling pathways such as type Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ interferon(IFN) and interleukins-27 (IL-27), IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17, and inhibited Th17 cells. …”
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Fine-tuning SLE treatment: the potential of selective TYK2 inhibition by Yoshiya Tanaka, Shingo Nakayamada, Yurie Satoh-Kanda

“…TYK2 inhibitors, which are involved in the signal transduction of type I interferon and interleukin-12/23 pathways and are linked to disease susceptibility genes in SLE, may have the potential to fine-tune the differentiation and function of immune cells, particularly CD4+ T cells.…”
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Bilateral Renal Colic as an Initial Presentation of Erdheim-Chester Disease by Julien Sarkis, Fady Haddad, Sarah Nasr, Elie Hanna, Ahmad Mroueh, Elie Nemr

“…Proper therapy with interferon-α was started. This case describes the multifaced manifestation of this disease and the difficulty to establish the diagnosis, as well as the pivotal role that a urologist can play in its management.…”
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Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients Infected with COVID‐19: A Case Series by Zenab Yusuf Tambawala, Fatima Cherifi, Wafa Mohsen, Tazeen Makhdoom, Lama Khaled Hamza

“…Results: Despite trying all available known therapies for COVID-19 at the time they presented, such as remdesivir, favipravir, steroid, hydroxychloroquine, pegylated interferon, N-acetyl cysteine, anticoagulants, prone positioning, mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and early delivery by cesarean, these young women in the reproductive age group could not be saved. …”
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Hamster and Murine Models of Severe Destructive Lyme Arthritis by Erik Munson, Dean T. Nardelli, Brian K. Du Chateau, Steven M. Callister, Ronald F. Schell

“…However, severe destructive Lyme arthritis can be induced by infecting irradiated hamsters or mice and immunocompetent Borrelia-vaccinated hamsters, mice, and interferon-gamma- (IFN-γ-) deficient mice with viable B. burgdorferi. …”
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Lentinan-functionalized PBAE-G-nanodiamonds as an adjuvant to induce cGAS-STING pathway-mediated macrophage activation and immune enhancement by Zhiqiang Zhang, Li Wang, Xia Ma, Hui Wang

“…LNT-PBAE-G-ND@OVA treatment was sufficient to induce macrophage activation through a complex mechanism in which cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling plays an integral role.…”
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Th1 Cytokine-Secreting Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and Prospective Use in Immunotherapy of Bladder Cancer by Yi Luo, Jonathan Henning, Michael A. O'Donnell

“…Although BCG in combination with Th1 cytokines (e.g., interferon-α) has demonstrated improved efficacy, combination therapy requires multiple applications and a large quantity of cytokines. …”
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An Update on the Management of Chronic Hepatitis C: Consensus Guidelines from the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver by Robert P Myers, Alnoor Ramji, Marc Bilodeau, Stephen Wong, Jordan J Feld

“…It reviews the epidemiology of hepatitis C in Canada, preferred diagnostic testing approaches and recommendations for the treatment of chronically infected patients with the newly approved protease inhibitors (boceprevir and telaprevir), including those who have previously failed pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy. In addition, recommendations are made regarding approaches to reducing the burden of hepatitis C in Canada.…”
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Oropharyngeal cancer associated with human papillomavirus. A Case Report by Lianet Pérez Rodríguez, Grisel Utrera Díaz, Miriam Magaly González González del Pino, Leydis Macías Ortiz

“…Two-year treatment with recombinant alfa-2b Interferon was prescribed. The patient progressed for 2 years, subsequently presenting constant dysphonia, symptoms of rhinorrhea and flu-like symptoms. …”
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An Overview of the Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Gut Infections and Inflammation by Silvia Sedda, Irene Marafini, Michele M. Figliuzzi, Francesco Pallone, Giovanni Monteleone

“…Specifically, ILCs1 express the transcription factor T-bet and secrete T helper type-1- (Th1-) related cytokines, ILCs2 are dependent on the transcription factor RORα and express Gata-3 and the chemokine receptor homologous molecule (CRTH2) and produce Th2-related cytokines, and ILCs3 express the transcription factor RORγt and synthesize interleukin- (IL-) 17, IL-22, and, under specific stimuli, interferon-γ. ILCs represent a relatively small population in the gut, but accumulating evidence suggests that these cells could play a decisive role in orchestrating both protective and detrimental immune responses. …”
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In vitro studies on the immunomodulatory effects of fulvic acid extract from palm oil empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) by Dimarwanita Firda, Mariya Silmi, Nur Annisa Dewi Fitria, Latisya Silva, Faramitha Yora, Goenadi Didiek Hadjar

“…In vitro studies used the MTT assay to determine cytotoxicity and ELISA tests to measure cytokines associated with natural immunity (TNF-alpha and Interferon-gamma) and adaptive immunity (IL-2 and TGF-beta). …”
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Cytokines and Cytokine Profiles in Human Autoimmune Diseases and Animal Models of Autoimmunity by Manfred Kunz, Saleh M. Ibrahim

“…In systemic lupus erythematosus, a so-called interferon signature has been identified. In psoriasis, researchers found a particular immune signalling cluster. …”
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Inflammatory Response Mechanisms Exacerbating Hypoxemia in Coexistent Pulmonary Fibrosis and Sleep Apnea by Ayodeji Adegunsoye, Jay Balachandran

“…Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1), interleukin- (IL-) 1α, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC-1, CINC-2α/β), lipopolysaccharide induced CXC chemokine (LIX), monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG-1), macrophage inflammatory protein- (MIP-) 1α, MIP-3α, and nuclear factor- (NF-) κB appear to mediate disease progression. …”
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