Is There a Metabolic Program in the Skeletal Muscle of Obese Individuals? by Joseph A. Houmard, Walter J. Pories, G. Lynis Dohm

“…Severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) is associated with multiple defects in skeletal muscle which contribute to insulin resistance and a reduction in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in this tissue. …”
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The Genetics of PTPN1 and Obesity: Insights from Mouse Models of Tissue-Specific PTP1B Deficiency by Ryan C. Tsou, Kendra K. Bence

“…The PTP1B protein is encoded by the PTPN1 gene on human chromosome 20q13, a region that shows linkage with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and obesity in human populations. …”
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Tingkat Pengetahuan Generasi Millennial terhadap Faktor Resiko Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 by Dikha Ayu Kurnia, Dewi Ayu Pratiwi

“…Consumption of excessive amounts of sweeteners and fatty food can cause obesity and insulin resistance which have implications on the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. …”
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Enhancing Exercise Responsiveness across Prediabetes Phenotypes by Targeting Insulin Sensitivity with Nutrition by Julian M. Gaitan, Arthur Weltman, Steven K. Malin

“…Exercise is a cornerstone therapy for chronic diseases related to multiorgan insulin resistance. However, not all individuals show the anticipated improvement in insulin sensitivity following exercise and these individuals are considered exercise resistant. …”
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Superior liver protection in mice fed total parenteral nutrition containing the novel lipid emulsion Vegaven as compared to a mixed-oil lipid emulsion containing fish oil by Eliana Lucchinetti, Phing-How Lou, Alessandro Quaranta, Craig E. Wheelock, Akash Chakravarty, Martin Hersberger, Stefanie D. Krämer, Michael Zaugg

“…Results: Whole-body insulin resistance as measured by HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance) values was lower in VEGA compared with SMOF and accompanied by higher glucagon and lower insulin plasma levels. …”
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Metformin Increases Protein Phosphatase 2A Activity in Primary Human Skeletal Muscle Cells Derived from Lean Healthy Participants by Aktham Mestareehi, Xiangmin Zhang, Berhane Seyoum, Zaher Msallaty, Abdullah Mallisho, Kyle Jon Burghardt, Anjaneyulu Kowluru, Zhengping Yi

“…Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is one of the primary contributors of type 2 diabetes (T2D). …”
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Regulation of Hippo-YAP1/TAZ pathway in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by Wei Xuan, Dandan Song, Jianghua Hou, Xiuping Meng

“…Metabolic disorders such as iron overload, glycolysis, insulin resistance, lipid dysregulation, and glutaminolysis are found to induce liver senescence and ferroptosis, which are hot topics in the research of MASLD. …”
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Adropin: a key player in immune cell homeostasis and regulation of inflammation in several diseases by Junmin Wang, Ning Ding, Chong Chen, Simin Gu, Jing Liu, Yanping Wang, Liubing Lin, Yiyuan Zheng, Yong Li

“…Adropin plays a critical role in glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as insulin resistance, by modulating multiple signaling pathways that contribute to the reduction of obesity and the improvement of blood lipid and glucose homeostasis. …”
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Clinical and Pathogenetic Parallels of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Gallstone Disease by Aleksey O. Bueverov

“…These include central and peripheral insulin resistance, changes in the expression of transcription factors (liver X-receptor and farnesoid X-receptor) and the bile acid membrane receptors (TGR5). …”
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Selective Modulators of PPAR-γ Activity: Molecular Aspects Related to Obesity and Side-Effects by Fang Zhang, Brian E. Lavan, Francine M. Gregoire

“…Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) is a key regulator of lipid metabolism and energy balance implicated in the development of insulin resistance and obesity. The identification of putative natural and synthetic ligands and activators of PPAR-γ has helped to unravel the molecular basis of its function, including molecular details regarding ligand binding, conformational changes of the receptor, and cofactor binding, leading to the emergence of the concept of selective PPAR-γ modulators (SPPARγMs). …”
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Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Using iPS Cells and Spice Polyphenols by Qi Ge, Liang Chen, Keping Chen

“…Additionally, certain polyphenols found in spices might improve glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in diabetes patients, thereby constituting promising options for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.…”
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Exercise as a Mean to Control Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation by Neha Mathur, Bente Klarlund Pedersen

“…Given that regular exercise offers protection against all causes of mortality, primarily by protection against atherosclerosis and insulin resistance, we suggest that exercise may exert some of its beneficial health effects by inducing anti-inflammatory actions. …”
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Diabetic Nephropathy by Shinji Kume, Takashi Uzu, Keiji Isshiki, Daisuke Koya

“…These agents might prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy, since PPAR agonists improve dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Furthermore, data from murine models suggest that PPAR agonists also have independent renoprotective effects by suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, and activation of the renin-angiotensin system. …”
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Diabetes in HFE Hemochromatosis by James C. Barton, Ronald T. Acton

“…Increased type 2 diabetes risk in HFE hemochromatosis is associated with one or more factors, including abnormal iron homeostasis and iron overload, decreased insulin secretion, cirrhosis, diabetes in first-degree relatives, increased body mass index, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. In p.C282Y homozygotes, serum ferritin, usually elevated at hemochromatosis diagnosis, largely reflects body iron stores but not diabetes risk. …”
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Clinical and Biochemical Manifestations of Depression: Relation to the Neurobiology of Stress by Phillip W. Gold, Rodrigo Machado-Vieira, Maria G. Pavlatou

“…Aspects such as depression subtypes, inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and prothrombotic states in critical brain circuits and periphery are critically appraised. …”
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Role of Heme Oxygenase in Inflammation, Insulin-Signalling, Diabetes and Obesity by Joseph Fomusi Ndisang

“…A common denominator of these chronic conditions is the enhanced the levels of cytokines like tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-6), IL-1β and resistin, which in turn activates the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB pathways, creating a vicious cycle that exacerbates insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes and related complications. …”
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Relationships of Adrenoceptor Polymorphisms with Obesity by Kazuko Masuo, Gavin W. Lambert

“…Further, β2-adrenoceptors importantly influence vascular reactivity and may regulate blood pressure. β-adrenoceptor polymorphisms have also been associated with adrenoceptor desensitization, increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and enhanced sympathetic nervous activity. …”
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs): A Novel Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes by Shuang Gao, Yuanyuan Zhang, Kaini Liang, Ran Bi, Yanan Du

“…Potential mechanisms of MSC-based intervention on multiple pathological processes of T2DM, such as β-cell exhaustion, hepatic dysfunction, insulin resistance, and systemic inflammation, are also delineated. …”
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Sirtuins and Their Implications in the Physiopathology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus by Katarzyna Zgutka, Marta Tkacz, Marta Grabowska, Wioletta Mikołajek-Bedner, Maciej Tarnowski

“…Chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance are central features of pregnancies complicated by GDM. …”
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5/p35/p39: A Novel and Imminent Therapeutic Target for Diabetes Mellitus by Danish Ahmed, Manju Sharma

“…Present therapies to minify hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance mainly target ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP) of pancreatic cells and PPAR-γ to enhance the insulin secretion and potential for GLUT expression, respectively. …”
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