The Association between Vitamin D Hypovitaminosis and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Saudi Diabetic Patients Type II by Abeer Ahmed Alrefai, Elsayed Elsalamony, Sameer H. Fatani, Zeinab A. Kasemy, Abdulaziz Fatani, Hala Fawzy Mohamed Kamel

“…T2DM patients with hypovitaminosis D displayed significantly increased FBG, insulin, and HOMA-IR compared to normovitaminosis. …”
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Mitofusin2 Promotes β Cell Maturation from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells via Sirt3/Idh2 Activation by Li Lu, Li Zhitao, Cui Nannan, Huang Mingzhu, Hu Xiaoping, Hong Dongsheng, Pan Zongfu, Lu Xiaoyang

“…Adult β cells have matured glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), whereas fetal and neonatal β cells are insensitive to glucose and are functionally immature. …”
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Determination of Irisin, Body Mass Index, and Other Biochemical Parameters in a Sample of Iraqi Type II Diabetic Patients by Takwa Al Koloob Ali Chachan, Huda Farhan, Shatha Hamed

“… Evidence suggests that Irisin, a peptide hormone, may play a role in lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and obesity. On the other hand, its role in type 2 diabetic Mellitus [T2DM] in humans is uncertain. …”
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Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome by Ronelsys Martínez Martínez, Raúl González Salas, Ariel Leonardo Alarcón Vela, Diana Sofía Iglesias Espín

“…Although the literature suggests the association of this entity with the presence of obesity, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinism, they are not currently included as part of the diagnostic criteria. …”
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Metabolic Syndrome and Outcomes after Renal Intervention by Daynene Vykoukal, Mark G. Davies

“…Multiple observational studies have consistently shown that increased body mass index as well as insulin resistance and increased fasting insulin levels is associated with chronic kidney disease, even after adjustment for related disorders. …”
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Cellular Immunity of Patients with Tuberculosis Combined with Diabetes by Peng Cheng, Liang Wang, Wenping Gong

“…Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion or impaired insulin function. It has been reported that DM is a primary risk factor for TB disease. …”
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The Genetics of PTPN1 and Obesity: Insights from Mouse Models of Tissue-Specific PTP1B Deficiency by Ryan C. Tsou, Kendra K. Bence

“…The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B is a negative regulator of both insulin and leptin signaling and is involved in the control of glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure. …”
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Fructose: A Key Factor in the Development of Metabolic Syndrome and Hypertension by Zeid Khitan, Dong Hyun Kim

“…Uric acid, a byproduct of this reaction, has been linked to endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and hypertension. We present possible mechanisms by which fructose causes insulin resistance and suggest actions based on this association that have therapeutic implications.…”
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Functional Localization of Adult-Onset Idiopathic Nesidioblastosis by Jess C. Hercus, Pouneh Pasha, Sadiq Al Lawati, Peter Kim, Andre Mattman, Douglas Webber, David M. Thompson

“…Nesidioblastosis is a rare pancreatic disorder involving enlarged beta cells throughout the pancreas, causing elevated insulin production. We present the case of a 53-year-old woman with the initial symptom of fasting hypoglycemia. …”
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How and why do neurons generate complex rhythms with various frequencies? by Teresa Ree Chay, Young Seek Lee

“…Using the islet of Langerhans in pancreas as an example, in the second part of this review, we illustrate how insulin secreting β-cells communicate with glucagon secreting α-cells to achieve an optimal insulin release.…”
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Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Using iPS Cells and Spice Polyphenols by Qi Ge, Liang Chen, Keping Chen

“…Comprehensive and effective control of diabetes, as well as the use of insulin, requires further study to develop additional treatment options. …”
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Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes and Atherosclerosis by Hideaki Kaneto, Naoto Katakami, Munehide Matsuhisa, Taka-aki Matsuoka

“…Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent and serious metabolic disease all over the world, and its hallmarks are pancreatic 𝛽-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Under diabetic conditions, chronic hyperglycemia and subsequent augmentation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) deteriorate 𝛽-cell function and increase insulin resistance which leads to the aggravation of type 2 diabetes. …”
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Diabetes in HFE Hemochromatosis by James C. Barton, Ronald T. Acton

“…Increased type 2 diabetes risk in HFE hemochromatosis is associated with one or more factors, including abnormal iron homeostasis and iron overload, decreased insulin secretion, cirrhosis, diabetes in first-degree relatives, increased body mass index, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. …”
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Persistent Hypoglycemia in Patient with Hodgkin’s Disease by Harold Cinco Lim, Lubna Bashir Munshi, David Sharon

“…The presence of a substance that mimicked the effects of insulin was highly suspected. Several case reports strengthen the hypothesis of an insulin-like growth factor or antibodies secreted by the cancer cells causing hypoglycemia in Hodgkin’s disease but none of them have been confirmed. …”
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Evolution of 𝜷-Cell Replacement Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus: Islet Cell Transplantation by Cyrus Jahansouz, Cameron Jahansouz, Sean C. Kumer, Kenneth L. Brayman

“…Since the 1960s, the surgical treatment for diabetes mellitus has evolved to become a viable alternative to insulin administration, beginning with pancreatic transplantation. …”
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Chronic cholecystitis at patients with the various trophological status: mechanisms and feature of clinical course by Ye. V. Anisimova, I. V. Kozlova, S. V. Volkov

“…Development and course of gallbladder diseases are defined by trophological status based on disorders of food behavior, change of production of leptin, insulin.…”
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A safe-enhanced fully closed-loop artificial pancreas controller based on deep reinforcement learning. by Yan Feng Zhao, Jun Kit Chaw, Mei Choo Ang, Yiqi Tew, Xiao Yang Shi, Lin Liu, Xiang Cheng

“…Although deep reinforcement learning (DRL) methods theoretically enable adaptive insulin dosing control, they face numerous challenges, including safety and training efficiency, which have hindered their clinical application. …”
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Protein-Mediated Interactions of Pancreatic Islet Cells by Paolo Meda

“…The islets of Langerhans collectively form the endocrine pancreas, the organ that is soley responsible for insulin secretion in mammals, and which plays a prominent role in the control of circulating glucose and metabolism. …”
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Review of the Structural and Dynamic Mechanisms of PPARγ Partial Agonism by Alice J. Kroker, John B. Bruning

“…In contrast, partial agonists of PPARγ have been shown to retain favourable insulin sensitizing effects while exhibiting little to no side effects and thus represent a new potential class of therapeutics for the treatment of T2DM. …”
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Effects of Inositol(s) in Women with PCOS: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials by Vittorio Unfer, John E. Nestler, Zdravko A. Kamenov, Nikos Prapas, Fabio Facchinetti

“…Although insulin resistance is not included as a criterion for diagnosis, it is a critical pathological condition of PCOS. …”
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