Commensal bacteria education history calibrates the naivety and activation threshold of adaptive antiviral immune system by Baohua Li, Zhou Sha, Li Mou, Feng Zhang, Lifeng Jia, Yan Zhu, Yan Guo, Guohong Deng, Haibo Wu, Hong Wei, Yuzhang Wu, Lilin Ye, Changjiang Liu, Jian Li, Yanyan Zhang, Yanyan Zhang, Yanyan Zhang

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No Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on Urethral Swab in Patients with Positive Nasopharyngeal Swab by Lorenzo Spirito, Biagio Pinchera, Angela Patrì, Mario Delfino, Ciro Imbimbo, Paola Salvatore, Ivan Gentile, Gabriella Fabbrocini

“…We enrolled ten patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who attended the Infectious Diseases Unit of the A.O.U. Federico II of Naples, from March 2020 to April 2020. …”
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Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on fever and neutrophilia induced by Clostridium difficile toxin B by R. A. Cardoso, A. A. Melo Filho, M. C. C. Melo, D. M. Lyerly, T. D. Wilkins, A. A. M. Lima, R. A. Ribeiro, G. E. P. Souza

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Association between IFN-γ +874A/T and IFN-γR1 (-611A/G, +189T/G, and +95C/T) Gene Polymorphisms and Chronic Periodontitis in a Sample of Iranian Population by Zahra Heidari, Hamidreza Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb, Mohammad Hashemi, Somayeh Ansarimoghaddam, Bita Moudi, Nadia Sheibak

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Efficacy and safety of an Albuvirtide-based regimen for preventing mother-to-child transmission of multidrug-resistant HIV: a case report by Na Li, Shifei Wen, Fangfang Zhu, Guirong Liu, Daqing Zhu

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Immunological Responses and Epitope Mapping by Tuberculosis-Associated Antigens within the RD1 Region in Japanese Patients by Hideaki Nagai, Maho Suzukawa, Yumi Sakakibara, Ken Ohta, Pedro A. Reche, Koichi Suzuki, Yoshihiko Hoshino

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Effect of Isosporiasis Prevention with Toltrazuril on Long-Term Pig Performance by K. Rypula, M. Porowski, J. Kaba, M. Gorczykowski, A. Deniz

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Internally Controlled, Generic Real-Time PCR for Quantification and Multiplex Real-Time PCR with Serotype-Specific Probes for Serotyping of Dengue Virus Infections by Sandra Menting, Khoa T. D. Thai, Tran T. T. Nga, Hoang L. Phuong, Paul Klatser, Katja C. Wolthers, Tran Q. Binh, Peter J. de Vries, Marcel Beld

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Origin of Circulating Free DNA in Sepsis: Analysis of the CLP Mouse Model by Shigeto Hamaguchi, Yukihiro Akeda, Norihisa Yamamoto, Masafumi Seki, Kouji Yamamoto, Kazunori Oishi, Kazunori Tomono

“…Recently, it has been reported that circulating free DNA (cf-DNA) in the blood is increased in various infectious diseases, including sepsis. Moreover, a relationship between cf-DNA and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has been suggested. …”
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A Step toward Tuberculosis Elimination in a Low-Incidence Country: Successful Diagnosis and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in a Refugee Clinic by Elissa Rennert-May, Elisabeth Hansen, Toktam Zadeh, Valerie Krinke, Stan Houston, Ryan Cooper

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Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiparasitic, and Cytotoxic Activities of Laennecia confusa by María G. Martínez Ruiz, Melissa Richard-Greenblatt, Zaida N. Juárez, Yossef Av-Gay, Horacio Bach, Luis R. Hernández

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Disseminated Histoplasmosis as an AIDS-Defining Illness Presenting as Fever of Unknown Origin in an 11-Year-Old Female by Kathryn E. Kalata, Christina Osborne, Amy Willis, Kacey Navarro, Laura Z. Fenton, Christiana Smith

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RNF128 deficiency in macrophages promotes colonic inflammation by suppressing the autophagic degradation of S100A8 by Xianwen Ran, Yue Li, Yahui Ren, Weilong Chang, Rui Deng, Huifen Wang, Weiwei Zhu, Yize Zhang, Yudie Cai, Jia Hu, Di Wang, Zhibo Liu

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Parental Attitudes, Motivators and Barriers Toward Children’s Vaccination in Poland: A Scoping Review by Krystyna Szalast, Grzegorz Józef Nowicki, Mariola Pietrzak, Agnieszka Mastalerz-Migas, Aleksander Biesiada, Elżbieta Grochans, Barbara Ślusarska

“…Moreover, parental primary motivators for vaccinating their children were prevention against infectious diseases, the opinion that vaccines are safe, and the belief that childhood vaccination is right and effective. …”
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Effects of phonophoresis gel lipolytic assets in abdominal adiposity by Rodrigo Marcel Valentim da Silva, Patricia Froes Meyer, Jaiane Ferreira de Souza, Jamille Lira de Oliveira Félix, Edjane Barbosa Santana Delgado, Luana de Oliveira Queiroz, Melyssa Lima de Medeiros

“…The sample consisted of 30 female volunteers, suffering from abdominal fat, not making use of slimming drugs or some other therapy, not performing any type of physical activity, non pregnant, not bearers of neoplasia, not affected by acute infectious diseases. Volunteers were excluded if presenting allergy to some active principle, lack of attendance, presence of acute infectious diseases and / or fever during treatment. …”
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REASSURED diagnostics at point-of-care in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review. by Boitumelo Moetlhoa, Kuhlula Maluleke, Evans M Mathebula, Kabelo Kgarosi, Siphesihle R Nxele, Bonolo Lenonyane, Tivani Mashamba-Thompson

“…Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics that meet the REASSURED criteria are essential in combating the rapid increase and severity of global health emergencies caused by infectious diseases. However, little is known about whether the REASSURED criteria are implemented in regions known to have a high burden of infectious diseases such as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). …”
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Proper Hand Washing for Elders by Amy Simonne

“… Hand washing is an important way to reduce the spread of infectious diseases. Germs from human and animal sources can be transmitted to hands, which can transmit the germs to other people, foods, and anything else that the hands touch. …”
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Proper Hand Washing for Elders by Amy Simonne

“… Hand washing is an important way to reduce the spread of infectious diseases. Germs from human and animal sources can be transmitted to hands, which can transmit the germs to other people, foods, and anything else that the hands touch. …”
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Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Pyrrolo [2,3-b] Pyridine Derivatives for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Jialin Ma, Jing Li, Dongping Yao, Qi Wang, Xinzhou Chen, Feiyan Tao, Bin Chen, Yongmei Xie, Lang Bai, Yiwen Zhang

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Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV in the Setting of TB Treatment by Damani A. Piggott, Petros C. Karakousis

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