Disseminated Necrotizing Leukoencephalopathy Complicating Septic Shock in an Immunocompetent Patient by Pedro Gaspar-da-Costa, Sofia Reimão, Sandra Braz, João Meneses Santos, Rui M. M. Victorino

“…DNL was initially thought to be exclusively associated with immunosuppression conditions but it has been recently described in immunocompetent patients in septic shock. …”
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An Immunomodulatory Device Improves Insulin Resistance in Obese Porcine Model of Metabolic Syndrome by Angela J. Westover, Kimberly A. Johnston, Deborah A. Buffington, H. David Humes

“…Specific approaches targeting monocytes/ATM may improve insulin resistance without the adverse side effects of generalized immunosuppression. In this regard, a biomimetic membrane leukocyte processing device, called the selective cytopheretic device (SCD), was evaluated in an Ossabaw miniature swine model of insulin resistance with metabolic syndrome. …”
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Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in a HIV-Infected Patient with a CD4 Count Greater Than 400 Cells/μL and Atovaquone Prophylaxis by Abigayle Sullivan, Theresa Lanham, Ronald Krol, Shilla Zachariah

“…This case is a rare example of PCP in a patient with a normal CD4 count (>487 cells/μL) and a low viral load (<20 copies/mL) despite PCP prophylactic antibiotics in the setting of recent iatrogenic immunosuppression.…”
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A Rare Case of Suppurative Aspergillosis of the Thyroid by Nikhil Dinaker Thada, Sampath Chandra Prasad, Bhasker Alva, Monika Pokharel, Kishore Chandra Prasad

“…Fungal infections of the thyroid usually occur in immunocompromised patients with hematological malignancies, recipients of bone marrow and solid organ allografts on immunosuppression, and patients with AIDS. A 65-year-old male presented with swelling in the front of the neck for 2 years. …”
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Clostridium septicum Gas Gangrene in Colon Cancer: Importance of Early Diagnosis by Sowmya Nanjappa, Sweta Shah, Smitha Pabbathi

“…Clostridium septicum is a rare subgroup known to cause atraumatic myonecrosis and is associated with colonic malignancy or immunosuppression. It is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus found in the gastrointestinal tract and can lead to direct, spontaneous infections of the bowel and peritoneal cavity. …”
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Prognostic significance of ımmunhistochemical axl expression in pancreas ductal adenocarcinomas by Ozden Oz, Asuman Argon, Tulu Ayata Kebat, Ozlem Ozdemir, Savas Yakan

“…Tyrosine kinase receptors (TKRs) are responsible for cell plasticity, chemoresistance, immunosuppression and metastasis potential. Axl is a receptor of the TKR family, and it has come to the fore in cancer treatment in the last decade. …”
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Early Posttransplant Isolated v1 Lesion Does Not Need to Be Treated and Does Not Lead to Increased Fibrosis by Irfan Moinuddin, Bijin Thajudeen, Amy Sussman, Machaiah Madhrira, Erika Bracamonte, Mordecai Popovtzer, Pradeep V. Kadambi

“…However, we chose not to augment immunosuppression. The patient’s kidney allograft function improved over time with close monitoring. …”
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Macrophages, Inflammation, and Tumor Suppressors: ARF, a New Player in the Game by Paqui G. Través, Alfonso Luque, Sonsoles Hortelano

“…In most tumors, TAMs show properties of an alternative polarization phenotype (M2) characterized by the expression of a series of chemokines, cytokines, and proteases that promote immunosuppression, tumor proliferation, and spreading of the cancer cells. …”
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts in carcinogenesis by Shufen Zhou, Zekun Zhao, Zhaojun Wang, Hanzheng Xu, Yijie Li, Ke Xu, Wei Li, Jiahua Yang

“…Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), however, occupy a pivotal and substantial role within the tumor microenvironment, facilitating carcinogenesis through diverse mechanisms such as creating inflammation, fostering a fibrotic tumor microenvironment, and immunosuppression. In this paper, we introduce the concept of carcinogenesis, explain its causes, describe the characteristics of CAFs and their sources, and highlight the roles and mechanisms of CAFs in promoting carcinogenesis. …”
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Severe Necrotizing Adenovirus Tubulointerstitial Nephritis in a Kidney Transplant Recipient by Ravi Parasuraman, Ping L. Zhang, Dilip Samarapungavan, Leslie Rocher, Alan Koffron

“…The patient showed excellent response to a combination of immunosuppression reduction, intravenous cidofovir, and immunoglobulin therapy resulting in complete resolution of infection and recovery of allograft function. …”
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Multifocal Aggressive Squamous Cell Carcinomas Induced by Prolonged Voriconazole Therapy: A Case Report by C. Morice, A. Acher, N. Soufir, M. Michel, F. Comoz, D. Leroy, L. Verneuil

“…A plausible hypothesis is that several factors including voriconazole uptake, immunosuppression, and genetic background could explain the phenotype of fast-developing skin carcinomas. …”
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Primary Candida guilliermondii Infection of the Knee in a Patient without Predisposing Factors by Gun Woo Lee, Tae-Hun Kim, Jung-Hwan Son

“…It occurs as a result of accidental implantations of fungus during traumatic procedures, such as surgery, and is usually reported in patients with predisposing factors such as immunosuppression, malignancy, and drug abuse. If left untreated, irreversible deformity and pain with severe osteoarticular destruction occur. …”
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Duodenal Histoplasmosis Presenting with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in an AIDS Patient by Michael A. Spinner, Heather N. Paulin, C. William Wester

“…Given our findings, we maintain that GIH should be considered on the differential diagnosis for GI bleeding in AIDS patients at risk, specifically those with advanced immunosuppression (i.e., CD4+ cell counts  cells/mm3) who reside in endemic areas (Ohio or Mississippi river valleys) and/or have a prior history of histoplasmosis. …”
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Discrimination of Anti-Donor Response in Allogeneic Transplantation Using an Alloreactive T-Cell Detection Assay by Ryosuke Arata, Naoki Tanimine, Akhmet Seidakhmetov, Kentaro Ide, Yuka Tanaka, Hideki Ohdan

“…Using full MHC mismatched mouse skin transplant models, we observed an increased donor-reactive T-cell proportion by direct presentation with elevated interferon gamma and granzyme B production 7 days post-transplantation, before graft rejection. Immunosuppression with CTLA-4 IgG and anti-CD154 antibody varied depending on donor-recipient strain combinations. …”
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A Case of Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome Caused by Streptococcus mitis Endocarditis by Aria Mahtabfar, Hamoon Eshraghi, Melroy D’Souza, William Berrigan, Kathleen Casey

“…However, there are a few reports of IE occurring in the setting of immunosuppression secondary to cancer and/or chemotherapy. …”
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Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Associated with Tacrolimus in Cardiac Transplantation by Julián Alejandro Rivillas, Stephania Galindo-Coral, Francisco Arias-Mora, Juan David Lopez-Ponce de Leon, Noel Alberto Florez-Alarcón, Pastor Olaya-Rojas, Juan Esteban Gomez-Mesa

“…Neurological complications occur between 50 and 70% of patients with heart transplantation, including cerebrovascular events, infections, seizures, encephalopathy, and neurotoxicity due to pharmacological immunosuppression. Mortality associated with cerebrovascular complications is 7.5% in the first 30 days and up to 5.3% after the first month and up to the first year after transplantation. …”
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Delayed Chylothorax during Treatment of Follicular Lymphoma with a Malignant Pleural Effusion by Chigozirim N. Ekeke, Ernest G. Chan, James D. Luketich, Rajeev Dhupar

“…The clinical course of chylothorax may include dehydration, malnutrition, immunosuppression, electrolyte disturbances, infection, and ultimately death. …”
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A call for aflatoxin control in Asia by Abeera Umar, Hamzah Shahbaz Bhatti, Sabyan Faris Honey

“…This not only exposes to health issues like growth impairment, immunosuppression, hepatic disorders etc. but also result in heavy economic losses due to trade restrictions. …”
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Psychosis in a 15-Year-Old Female with Herpes Simplex Encephalitis in a Background of Mannose-Binding Lecithin Deficiency by Kenneth Asogwa, Kwame Buabeng, Amarjit Kaur

“…Many studies have reported psychiatric and neurological manifestation of herpes simplex infection following primary or reactivated infection, while others suggest milder clinical course of herpes simplex encephalitis in a background of immunosuppression. Another contributory factor to psychotic disorder in this case is childhood EBV exposure which has been reported to increase the risk of psychosis in adolescence and adulthood. …”
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What Makes Umbilical Cord Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Superior Immunomodulators When Compared to Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells? by R. N. Bárcia, J. M. Santos, M. Filipe, M. Teixeira, J. P. Martins, J. Almeida, A. Água-Doce, S. C. P. Almeida, A. Varela, S. Pohl, K. E. J. Dittmar, S. Calado, S. I. Simões, M. M. Gaspar, M. E. M. Cruz, W. Lindenmaier, L. Graça, H. Cruz, P. E. Cruz

“…Immunogenicity and immunosuppression were assessed by mixed lymphocyte reactions, suppression of lymphocyte proliferation and induction of regulatory T cells. …”
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