Tuberculosis-Associated Immune Reconstruction Inflammatory Syndrome (TB-IRIS) in HIV-Infected Patients: Report of Two Cases and the Literature Overview by Klaudija Viskovic, Josip Begovac

“…TB-IRIS in HIV-infected subjects is an exacerbation of the symptoms, signs, or radiological manifestations of a pathogenic antigen, related to recovery of the immune system after immunosuppression. We focused on the radiological characteristics of TB-IRIS and the briefly literature review on this syndrome.…”
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Adult Renal Transplantation in a Patient 28 Years after Heart Transplantation as a Neonate for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome by Joseph Licata, Shane Michael Roberts, Piotr Janicki, Dmitri Bezinover

“…The patient’s renal insufficiency was the result of chronic immunosuppression and hypertension. The almost 28-year-old graft demonstrated very good function. …”
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Cerebellar Involvement in an Immunocompetent Patient Presenting with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy by Rafael Garcia-Carretero, Blanca San Jose Montano

“…We were not able to identify any occult immunosuppression or malignancy in our patient.…”
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Macrophages facilitate tumor cell PD‐L1 expression via an IL‐1β‐centered loop to attenuate immune checkpoint blockade by Cheng Xu, Yu Xia, Bai‐Wei Zhang, Emmanuel Kwateng Drokow, Hua‐Yi Li, Sen Xu, Zhen Wang, Si‐Yuan Wang, Ping Jin, Tian Fang, Xiao‐Ming Xiong, Pu Huang, Ning Jin, Jia‐Hong Tan, Qing Zhong, Yu‐Xin Chen, Qi Zhang, Yong Fang, Fei Ye, Qing‐Lei Gao

“…Together, this study presents an IL‐1β‐centered immunosuppressive loop between TAMs and tumor cells, highlighting IL‐1β as a candidate therapeutic target to reverse immunosuppression and potentiate immune checkpoint blockade.…”
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TGFβ-specific T cells induced by a TGFβ-derived immune modulatory vaccine both directly and indirectly modulate the phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages and fibroblasts by Mads Hald Andersen, Inés Lecoq, Evelina Martinenaite, Maria Perez-Penco, Lucia Lara de la Torre

“…The tumor microenvironment (TME) of pancreatic cancer is highly immunosuppressive. We recently developed a transforming growth factor (TGF)β-based immune modulatory vaccine that controlled tumor growth in a murine model of pancreatic cancer by targeting immunosuppression and desmoplasia in the TME. …”
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Ultrasound-assisted enzyme extraction of Dendrobium Officinale polysaccharides: Extraction process, characterization, immunomodulatory effects by Hengpu Zhou, Yingjie Dong, Zhangyun Wu, Xi Peng, Meiqiu Yan, Suhong Chen, Guiyuan Lv

“…Therefore, DOP can alleviate immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide.…”
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Allogenic Cultured Limbal Epithelial Transplantation and Cultivated Oral Mucosal Epithelial Transplantation in Limbal Stem Cells Deficiency: A Comparative Study by Mohamed Elalfy, Kareem Elsawah, Sundas Maqsood, Nigel Jordan, Mansour Hassan, Ahmed Zaki, Zisis Gatzioufas, Samer Hamada, Damian Lake

“…Although COMET has lower graft survival rate than ACLET, it does not mandate systemic immunosuppression therapy to protect against potential graft rejection.…”
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Dynamic changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte trajectory predict the clinical outcomes of sepsis by Dongkai Li, Jiahui Zhang, Wei Cheng, Guoyu Zhao, Xianli Lei, Yawen Xie, Na Cui, Hao Wang

“…BackgroundSepsis induces profound derangements in the immune system, including lymphopenia, which correlates with immunosuppression and poor prognosis. However, most evaluations of immunosuppression in sepsis patients rely on static, sporadic lymphocyte counts, lacking dynamic modeling over the disease course. …”
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Pulmonary hypertension associated with connective tissue disease by Srinivas Rajagopala, Molly Mary Thabah

“…PH-specific therapy in addition to immunosuppression is the most common treatment used though data are scant. …”
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Disseminated Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and IgA Nephropathy by Gordon Audley, Bianca Davidson, Erika Jones, Brendon Price, Brian Rayner, Nicola Wearne, Zibya Barday

“…Finding IgAN on kidney biopsy in an MTB endemic area should prompt a thorough investigation for MTB to increase the chance of remission of IgAN and prevent inappropriate use of immunosuppression.…”
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Multiple Abscess Collections: Antibiotics or Steroids? by Philippe Raphael Dias, Levin Bolt, Christof Iking-Konert, Mattia Arrigo, Lars C. Huber

“…Corticosteroids are the cornerstone of immunosuppression during the acute phase. After the induction phase, therapy might be switched to anakinra or infliximab.…”
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Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease Presenting as an Extracranial Mass by Reuben J. Arasaratnam, Alejandro Restrepo

“…The patient was treated successfully with immunosuppression reduction, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy, and cytotoxic chemotherapy. …”
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Low viral persistence of an immunological model by Suqi Ma

“…Hepatitis B virus can persist at very low levels in the body in the face of host immunity, and reactive during immunosuppression and sustain the immunological memory to lead to the possible state of 'infection immunity'. …”
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Rituximab-Associated Inflammatory Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy by Chandra Punch, Christina Schofield, Penelope Harris

“…Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare disease of the immunosuppression that results from neurotropic invasion of the JC virus which leads to demyelination of oligodendrocytes. …”
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Concurrent Hairy Cell Leukemia and Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma by Ajay Prakash, Alhossain A. Khalafallah

“…This is the first reported case of these two rare malignancies occurring concurrently at initial presentation and may represent a role of immunosuppression in the pathogenesis of MCC.…”
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Beta-Blocker Therapy Preserves Normal Splenic T-Lymphocyte Numbers Reduced in Proportion to Sepsis Severity in a Sepsis Model by Takeshi Suzuki, Kei Inoue, Toru Igarashi, Jungo Kato, Hiromasa Nagata, Takashige Yamada, Shizuka Minamishima, Hiroshi Morisaki

“…Beta-blocker therapy might improve sepsis-induced immunosuppression via normal splenic T-lymphocyte preservation.…”
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Rare Occurrence of Herpes Zoster of Trigeminal Nerve following Extraction of Tooth by A. Winnifred Christy, T. Jones Raja Deva Thanmbi, J. Leelavathy, Antoinette Rhema Louis

“…The triggering factors for the onset of an attack of Herpes Zoster include some form of immunosuppression. The diagnosis of Herpes Zoster can be made on proper medical history and a thorough clinical examination. …”
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An Unusual Case of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Hemophagocytic Syndrome by Saika Sharmeen, Nazia Hussain

“…Hemophagocytic syndrome (HS) or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an immune mediated phenomenon that can occur in the setting of an autoimmune disease, chronic immunosuppression, malignancy, or infection. It has been more commonly described in the pediatric population and less commonly in adults. …”
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A Case of Oral Histoplasmosis Concomitant with Pulmonary Tuberculosis by Silas Antonio Juvencio de Freitas Filho, Natália Galvão Garcia, Mário César de Souza, Denise Tostes Oliveira

“…The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection test was negative. The immunosuppression caused by tuberculosis in our patient probably had an important role in the development of intraoral lesions of histoplasmosis. …”
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Burkholderia Gladioli – A Predictor of Poor Outcome in Cystic Fibrosis Patients Who Receive Lung Transplants? A Case of Locally Invasive Rhinosinusitis and Persistent Bacteremia in... by Bradley S Quon, James D Reid, Patrick Wong, Pearce G Wilcox, Amin Javer, Jennifer M Wilson, Robert D Levy

“…A case involving a lung transplant recipient with cystic fibrosis who ultimately died as a result of severe rhinosinusitis due to B gladioli infection in the context of postlung transplant immunosuppression is reported.…”
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