A Rare Case of Suppurative Aspergillosis of the Thyroid by Nikhil Dinaker Thada, Sampath Chandra Prasad, Bhasker Alva, Monika Pokharel, Kishore Chandra Prasad

“…Fungal infections of the thyroid usually occur in immunocompromised patients with hematological malignancies, recipients of bone marrow and solid organ allografts on immunosuppression, and patients with AIDS. A 65-year-old male presented with swelling in the front of the neck for 2 years. …”
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Multiple Autoimmune Disease Presented with Extensive Peripheral Gangrene by Tareq Z. Alzughayyar, Jihad Samer Zalloum, Mohammad N. Elqadi, Sadi A. Abukhalaf, Fawzy M. Abunejma, Mohammed M. Y. Alkhanafsa, Motasem H. M. Haif, Firas Alqarajeh, Mo’min R. Mesk, Rami A. Misk

“…Although SLE gangrene may respond to immunosuppressants, it has a high risk of complications that can end up with amputations.…”
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Management of Metachronous Bilateral Testis Cancer in a Patient with Pre-B Cell ALL by Kelly T. Harris, Shakil A. Shaikh, Mark W. Ball, Mohamad E. Allaf, Phillip M. Pierorazio

“…We discuss the management of bilateral testis masses in a young patient with a hematologic malignancy as well as the role of immunosuppressive chemotherapy in developing a second cancer. …”
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Low-Grade Inflammation and Spinal Cord Injury: Exercise as Therapy? by Eduardo da Silva Alves, Valdir de Aquino Lemos, Francieli Ruiz da Silva, Fabio Santos Lira, Ronaldo Vagner Thomathieli dos Santos, João Paulo Pereira Rosa, Erico Caperuto, Sergio Tufik, Marco Tulio de Mello

“…A decrease in sympathetic activity contributes to immunosuppression due to the lower activation of immune cells in the blood. …”
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New Onset Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Associated with COVID-19 by Moshe Y. Bressler, Naeha Pathak, Kelly Cervellione, Farshad Bagheri, Edward Epstein, Adnan Mir, Rebecca Tamez

“…Symptoms often overlap between the two diseases, and while there is no current cure for COVID-19, rapid immunosuppressive initiation can be lifesaving for patients with GPA. …”
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Therapeutic drug monitoring for triazoles: A needs assessment review and recommendations from a Canadian perspective by Michel Laverdiere, Eric J Bow, Coleman Rotstein, Julie Autmizguine, Raewyn Broady, Gary Garber, Shariq Haider, Trana Hussaini, Shahid Husain, Philippe Ovetchkine, Jack T Seki, Yves Théorêt

“…Invasive fungal infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients with concomitant underlying immunosuppressive diseases. The recent addition of new triazoles to the antifungal armamentarium has allowed for extended-spectrum activity and flexibility of administration. …”
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Fulminant Mucormycosis Involving Paranasal Sinuses: A Rare Case Report by Komali Garlapati, Sunanda Chavva, Rahul Marshal Vaddeswarupu, Jyotsna Surampudi

“…Common predisposing factors include diabetes mellitus and immunosuppression. The infection begins in the nose and paranasal sinuses due to inhalation of fungal spores. …”
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Cerebral Wegener’s Granuloma: Surgery Mandatory for Diagnosis and Treatment by Federico Nicolosi, Giovanni Nodari, Giannantonio Spena, Elena Roca, Karol Migliorati, Giacomo Esposito, Roberto Stefini, Marco Fontanella, Pier Paolo Panciani

“…The importance of a surgery in case of localized WG has been emphasized, in order to confirm the diagnosis and to avoid additional medicaments, like antiepileptic drugs, potentially harmful in immunosuppressed patients.…”
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Impact of antiviral prophylaxis on EBV viremia and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders in solid organ transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Marjan Moghadamnia, Khadijeh Delroba, Shima Heidari, Zahra Rezaie, Simin Dashti-Khavidaki

“…PTLD incidence was significantly reduced among recipients of T-cell depletion or steroid-based immunosuppression using antiviral prophylaxis (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.39–0.74 and RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.41–0.73, respectively). …”
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Cotrimoxazole-Induced Hypoglycaemia in a Patient with Churg-Strauss Syndrome by Russell Senanayake, Mamoun Mukhtar

“…Cotrimoxazole is a commonly used antimicrobial agent which is traditionally indicated in the management of pneumocystis infection of which HIV and immunosuppressed individuals are at high risk. Furthermore, it can be used on the long term for prophylactic indications. …”
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Successful Use of Posaconazole to Treat Invasive Cutaneous Fungal Infection in a Liver Transplant Patient on Sirolimus by Randah Dahlan, Ameen Patel, Shariq Haider

“…The high morbidity and mortality associated with these infections necessitates urgent therapy with antifungal drugs; however, the interaction between these drugs and immunosuppressive therapies can be a major limitation because of drug toxicity. …”
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Sporadic inclusion body myositis in the rheumatology clinic by Fernando Henrique Carlos de Souza, Gustavo Luiz Behrens Pinto, Jean Marcos de Souza, Pablo Arturo Olivo Pallo, Leonardo Santos Hoff, Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo

“…., glucocorticoid, and immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory/immunobiological drugs). …”
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A delay-differential equation model of HIV related cancer--immune system dynamics by Urszula Foryś, Jan Poleszczuk

“…It is therefore of great importance to understand links between HIV related immunosuppression and cancer prognosis. In the paper we present a simple model of HIV related cancer - immune system interactions in vivo which takes into account a delay describing the time needed by CD$4^+$ T lymphocyte to regenerate after eliminating a cancer cell. …”
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Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in an AIDS Patient with Kaposi Sarcoma: A Treatment Dilemma by Oluwadunni E. Emiloju, Sorab Gupta, Vivian Arguello-Guerra, Claudia Dourado

“…We report this case to highlight the difficulty in managing this patient given the complex interplay of immunosuppression due to AIDS, immune reconstitution following initiation of HAART, and immune overdrive manifesting as HLH.…”
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Successful Treatment of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Associated with Lupus Nephritis by Using Mycophenolate Mofetil by Takashi Nawata, Makoto Kubo, Kosaku Shiragami, Yukinori Nakamura, Masafumi Yano

“…HLH associated with autoimmune diseases is often refractory to corticosteroid treatment; thus, additional immunosuppressive drugs, such as cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, or tacrolimus, are required. …”
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Severe Respiratory Distress in a Child with Pulmonary Idiopathic Hemosiderosis Initially Presenting with Iron-Deficiency Anemia by A. Potalivo, L. Finessi, F. Facondini, A. Lupo, C. Andreoni, G. Giuliani, C. Cavicchi

“…The suspicion of IPH led to the use of immunosuppressive therapy with high dose of corticosteroids with rapid improvement in clinical condition and discharge from hospital.…”
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Multiple Abscess Collections: Antibiotics or Steroids? by Philippe Raphael Dias, Levin Bolt, Christof Iking-Konert, Mattia Arrigo, Lars C. Huber

“…Corticosteroids are the cornerstone of immunosuppression during the acute phase. After the induction phase, therapy might be switched to anakinra or infliximab.…”
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Harnessing amino acid pathways to influence myeloid cell function in tumor immunity by Jiongli Pan, Yi Lin, Xinyuan Liu, Xiaozhen Zhang, Tingbo Liang, Xueli Bai

“…Within the tumor microenvironment, amino acid metabolism plays a crucial role in mediating the immunosuppressive functions of myeloid cells, contributing to tumor progression. …”
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Improving CD3 bispecific antibody therapy in solid tumors using combination strategies by Katy Lloyd, Jim Middelburg, Vitalijs Ovcinnikovs, Nora Pencheva, Kristel Kemper, Thorbald van Hall

“…Despite these recent advances, the success of CD3 bsAbs in solid cancer has been hampered by hurdles like limited intratumoral T cell numbers, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TME), and poor memory T-cell induction. …”
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Gastrointestinal Cryptococcosis Associated with Intestinal Lymphangiectasia by Fernando Naranjo-Saltos, Alejandro Hallo, Carlos Hallo, Andres Mayancela, Alejandra Rojas

“…This chronic lymph leakage leads to a state of immunosuppression secondary to the loss of humoral and cellular components of the immune system and represents a potential risk factor for opportunistic infections. …”
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