Recent Advances in Understanding the Inflammatory Response in Malaria: A Review of the Dual Role of Cytokines by Gabriela Loredana Popa, Mircea Ioan Popa

“…During blood-stage infection, in response to the presence of the parasite, the host’s immune system produces proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, and TNF, cytokines which play a pivotal role in controlling the growth of the parasite and its elimination. …”
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A Role for PPARγ in the Regulation of Cytokines in Immune Cells and Cancer by Xiao Yi Yang, Li Hua Wang, William L. Farrar

“…In addition to the well-studied effects of PPARγ on metabolism and cellular differentiation, abundant evidence suggests that PPARγ is an important regulator of the immune system and cancers. Since cytokines are not only key modulators of inflammation with pro- and anti-inflammatory functions but they also can either stimulate or inhibit tumor growth and progression, this review summarizes the role for PPARγ in the regulation of cytokine production and cytokine-mediated signal transduction pathways in immune cells and cancer.…”
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Modulation of Immunoregulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells by Toll-Like Receptors: Potential Applications on GVHD by Bruno Sangiorgi, Rodrigo Alexandre Panepucci

“…Stimulation of distinct TLRs on MSCs elicits distinct inflammatory signaling pathways, differentially influencing the expression of inflammatory factors and the ability of MSCs to suppress the proliferation of immune system cells. The capacity to enhance the immunosuppressive phenotype of MSCs through TLRs stimulation might be properly elucidated in order to improve the MSC-based immunotherapy against GVHD.…”
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From the curricular to the investigative, a look at COVID-19 by Sandra Williams Serrano, Luis Alberto Mass Sosa, Milagros León Regal, José Aurelio Díaz Quiñones

“…The subject Blood-Immune System includes in its content a large number of health problems due to imbalance in the immune response, which constitutes a clear justification for resizing the scientific training process. …”
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Human Leukocyte Antigen Diversity: A Southern African Perspective by Mqondisi Tshabalala, Juanita Mellet, Michael S. Pepper

“…HLA is part of the host defense mechanism mediated through antigen presentation to effector cells of the immune system. With the high disease burden in southern Africa, HLA diversity data is increasingly important in the design of population-specific vaccines and the improvement of transplantation therapeutic interventions. …”
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Evidence for a Potential Role of Metallothioneins in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases by Anouk Waeytens, Martine De Vos, Debby Laukens

“…Recent studies underscore the importance of the damaged epithelial barrier and the dysregulated innate immune system in their pathogenesis. …”
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Urinary Aspergillosis in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) by Mayara Gabriele Toledo, Hugo Rodrigues Alves, Isadora Cambruzzi, Laís Lopes Pires, Mariana Rossi, Ana Carolina Gonçalves Brito, Andrea D’Avila Freitas, Natalia Chilinque Zambão da Silva

“…The fungus was cleared by the immune system of a healthy host. Extrapulmonary forms are very rare, and there are few reports of urinary aspergillosis. …”
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Secondary Immunodeficiency by Persia Pourshahnazari, Stephen D. Betschel, Vy. H. D. Kim, Susan Waserman, Rongbo Zhu, Harold Kim

“…Some of these impair the immune system leading to secondary immunodeficiencies (SID) that increase host susceptibility to infections and other complications. …”
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Toll-Like Receptors in Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion and Transplantation by John Evankovich, Timothy Billiar, Allan Tsung

“…The TLRs play central roles in sensing tissue damage and activating the innate immune system following I/R. Engagement of TLRs by endogenous DAMPs activates proinflammatory signaling pathways leading to the production of cytokines, chemokines and further release of endogenous danger signals. …”
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Immunologic Regulation in Pregnancy: From Mechanism to Therapeutic Strategy for Immunomodulation by Shyi-Jou Chen, Yung-Liang Liu, Huey-Kang Sytwu

“…The immunologic interaction between the fetus and the mother is a paradoxical communication that is regulated by fetal antigen presentation and/or by recognition of and reaction to these antigens by the maternal immune system. There have been significant advances in understanding of abnormalities in the maternal-fetal immunologic relationship in the placental bed that can lead to pregnancy disorders. …”
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Recurrent bilateral idiopathic anterior uveitis with vitritis post Coronavirus Disease 2019 infection by Srinivasan Sanjay, Yogesh Preet Singh, Debaditya Roy, Padmamalini Mahendradas, Ankush Kawali, Rohit Shetty

“…This report illustrates that the presence of COVID-19 antibodies may presumably play a role in triggering the immune system, this can cause recurrent ocular inflammation in absence of other extraocular inflammation.…”
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A review of COVID-19-related thrombosis and anticoagulation strategies specific to the Asian population by Kai Chin Poh, Victoria Yu Jia Tay, Sarah Huixin Lin, Huei Leng Chee, Suhitharan Thangavelautham

“…In severe cases, there can be widespread activation of the immune system, vascular injury and a resultant pro-thrombotic state. …”
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Extensive Longitudinal Transverse Myelitis after Influenza A Virus Infection in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Suheiry Márquez, Luis M. Vilá

“…Viral infections may cause TM in these patients by causing a dysregulation of their immune system. We report a 30-year-old woman with SLE who had influenza A and a few days later developed urinary retention, bilateral lower extremity paralysis, upper extremity weakness, and optic nerve and macular edema. …”
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Association of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Reactive Oxygen Species: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Posttrauma Acute Lung Injury by Meng Xiang, Janet Fan, Jie Fan

“…Hemorrhagic shock (HS) that results from major trauma promotes the development of SIRS and ALI by priming the innate immune system for an exaggerated inflammatory response. …”
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Lymphocytes in Placental Tissues: Immune Regulation and Translational Possibilities for Immunotherapy by Tom Erkers, Arwen Stikvoort, Michael Uhlin

“…In contrast, an allogeneic fetus eludes rejection by the maternal immune system.…”
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Pathogenetic aspects and modern possibilities of therapy of vulvovaginal candidiasis by Margarita R. Rakhmatulina, Elena V. Lipova, Viktoria A. Nyanenko

“…The literature review presents modern aspects of the etiology and pathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis, highlights issues of immunological resistance and the significance of polymorphic and pathological gene loci, the functioning of which leads to insufficient activation of the immune system in the disease. The mechanisms of formation of biofilms by fungi of the genus Candida on mucous membranes and the role of lactobacillary microflora in preventing their spread, as well as ideas about the prerequisites for the development of vulvovaginal candidiasis are considered. …”
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Resistance mechanisms to immune checkpoint inhibitors: updated insights by Besan H. Alsaafeen, Bassam R. Ali, Eyad Elkord

“…In the current review, we summarize what is known so far about the mechanisms of resistance in terms of being tumor-intrinsic or tumor-extrinsic taking into account the multimodal crosstalk between the tumor, immune system compartment and other host-related factors.…”
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Recurrent opportunistic infections in a HIV-negative patient with combined C6 and NFKB1 mutations: A case report, pedigree analysis, and literature review by Zheng Yamei, Guan Liwen, Li Jiao, Fu Yihui

“…However, these opportunistic infections have also been reported in HIV-negative patients, especially those with primary immunodeficiency disorder (PID), a condition that involves a large heterogeneous group of disorders arising from defects in immune system development and/or function.…”
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Identification of neoantigens derived from alternative splicing and RNA modification by Jiyeon Park, Yeun-Jun Chung

“…Neoantigens expressed from genes with mutations acquired during carcinogenesis can be tumor-specific. Since the immune system recognizes tumor-specific peptides, they are potential targets for personalized neoantigen-based immunotherapy. …”
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Antiapoptotic Molecule Survivin in Transplantation: Helpful or Harmful? by Sara Assadiasl, Mohammad Javad Mousavi, Aliakbar Amirzargar

“…The other barrier is this molecule’s involvement in lymphocytes development and proliferation which might increase the risk of graft rejection due to adaptive immune system overactivation. In this review we summarize the few studies carried out about survivin’s effect on graft survival and probable advantages and disadvantages of its overexpression in transplantation.…”
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