Peptidoglycan and Bacterial DNA Induce Inflammation and Coagulation Markers in Synergy by Marie-Claude Amoureux, Nandani Rajapakse, Lazlo Stipkovits, Susan Szathmary

“…Bacterial compounds signal the presence of foreign pathogens in the innate immune system. These microbial components are key players in infectious diseases and implicate toll-like receptors in the activation of inflammation and coagulation. …”
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Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Some Children Diseases: A Review by Thabata Koester Weber, Isabel Polanco

“…There is emerging evidence indicating that quantitative and qualitative changes on gut microbiota contribute to alterations in the mucosal activation of immune system leading to intra- or extra-intestinal diseases. …”
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Coelomocytes: Biology and Possible Immune Functions in Invertebrates with Special Remarks on Nematodes by Qudsia Tahseen

“…The model nematode, C. elegans lacks an adaptive immune system and the coelomocytes are capable of endocytosis, but their involvement in phagocytosis of bacteria seems unlikely. …”
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Modulation of Immune Response by Organophosphorus Pesticides: Fishes as a Potential Model in Immunotoxicology by K. J. G. Díaz-Resendiz, G. A. Toledo-Ibarra, M. I. Girón-Pérez

“…In this paper, the effect of organophosphorus pesticides (frequent substances spilled in aquatic ecosystems) on the immune system of fishes and in immunotoxicology is reviewed. …”
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Blasting neuroblastoma using optimal control of chemotherapy by Craig Collins, K. Renee Fister, Bethany Key, Mary Williams

“…Optimal control theoryis applied to minimize the tumor volume and the amount of drug utilized.The model incorporates a state constraint that requires the level ofcirculating neutrophils (white blood cells that form an integral part of the immune system) to remain above an acceptable value. The treatmentschedule is designed to simultaneously satisfy this constraint and achievethe best results in fighting the tumor. …”
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Linking gut microbiota to aging process: a new target for anti-aging by Maoyang Lu, Zhao Wang

“…The human gut microbiota is a huge ecosystem that provides lots of functions for host development, immune system, and metabolism. Gut microbiota is linked to lots of diseases, including human metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), irritable bowel syndrome, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). …”
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TLR2 and TLR4 in the Brain Injury Caused by Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion by Ying Wang, Pengfei Ge, Yuhong Zhu

“…Toll-like receptors are a type of transmembrane proteins, which can recognize either exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns or endogenous stress or damage-associated molecular patterns in the innate immune system and initiate inflammatory responses. Among Toll-like receptors, TLR2 and TLR4 are found to be more important than others in the pathological progression of cerebral injury due to ischemia and reperfusion. …”
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Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis: A Clinicopathologic Review of Two Cases by Tummidi Santosh, Tanya Sharma, Deepti Joshi, Dinesh Prasad Asati, Sanjeev Vijay Choudhary, Neelkamal Kapoor

“…Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare autosomal recessive disease involving the immune system. It presents as pityriasis versicolor-like or warty papules, the onset being from early childhood at the face, dorsum of hands and feet. …”
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Basic stochastic models for viral infection within a host by Sukhitha W. Vidurupola, Linda J. S. Allen

“…Stochastic differential equation (SDE) models are formulated for intra-host virus-cell dynamics during the early stages of viral infection, prior to activation of the immune system. The SDE models incorporate more realism into the mechanisms for viral entry and release than ordinary differential equation (ODE) models and show distinct differences from the ODE models. …”
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Correlation between the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Multiple Sclerosis: Recent Understanding and Potential Application Perspectives by Qingqing Zhou, Rui Jia, Jingxia Dang

“…The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), which combines the information of the inherent and adaptive parts of the immune system, represents a reliable measure of the inflammatory burden. …”
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Treatment of HIV-1 Infection with Combination Therapy: Antiretroviral Agents and Biological Response Modifiers by Steven M Schnittman

“…In particular, since HIV infection dysregulates and destroys the immune system. it is logical to develop therapeutic approaches that would both restore the immune response and have direct antiviral activity. …”
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Contaminants in the Urban Environment: Dioxins by Yun-Ya Yang, Gurpal S. Toor

“…Long-term exposure to dioxins can harm immune system, nervous system, endocrine system, and reproductive functions. …”
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Dendritic Cell-Based Approaches for Therapeutic Immune Regulation in Solid-Organ Transplantation by Giuseppe Vassalli

“…While mature dendritic cells (DCs) present donor antigen to the immune system, triggering rejection, regulatory DCs interact with regulatory T cells to promote immune tolerance. …”
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Vitamin D and autoimmune diseases by Shir Azrielant, Yehuda Shoenfeld

“…In addition to the well-known role of vitamin D in maintaining bone health, evidence from recent years are accumulating in favor of its importance in the functioning of the immune system. The association between vitamin D deficiency and autoimmune diseases has been supported by epidemiological studies, demonstrating higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among autoimmune patients, in comparison to the general population. …”
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Germinal center dynamics during acute and chronic infection by Samantha Erwin, Stanca M. Ciupe

“…The ability of the immune system to clear pathogens is limited during chronic virus infections where potent long-lived plasma and memory B-cells are produced only after germinal center B-cells undergo many rounds of somatic hypermutations. …”
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Multiple sclerosis: overview of orally administrated disease-modifying drugs. Do genetics influence the success of treatment? by A. Ovčinikova, R. Kizlaitienė

“…These drugs act with different mechanisms on the immune system and are more comfortable for MS patients. …”
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TIRAP, TRAM, and Toll-Like Receptors: The Untold Story by Valérie Lannoy, Anthony Côté-Biron, Claude Asselin, Nathalie Rivard

“…They act as microbial sensors, playing major roles in the regulation of the innate immune system. TLRs mediate their cellular functions through the activation of MyD88-dependent or MyD88-independent signaling pathways. …”
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Orchestration of Adaptive T Cell Responses by Neutrophil Granule Contents by Danielle Minns, Katie Jane Smith, Emily Gwyer Findlay

“…We consider how the release of granule contents by neutrophils—through NETosis or degranulation—is one way in which the innate immune system directs the phenotype of the adaptive immune response.…”
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The Role of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in Ocular Infectious Diseases by Angela H. Benton, Mary E. Marquart

“…Zinc metalloproteinases contribute to evasion of the immune system and disease severity. The main purpose of this review is to consolidate the multiple studies that have been conducted on several pneumococcal virulence factors and the role each plays in conjunctivitis, keratitis, and endophthalmitis.…”
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Blastocystis and Schistosomiasis Coinfection in a Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease by Colin R. Young, Fred E. Yeo

“…As a result, infections due to impaired immune system responses are responsible for significant morbidity in patients with kidney disease. …”
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