The Interplay Between Viral Infection and Cell Death: A Ping-Pong Effect by Alireza Nourazarian, Hadi Yousefi, Cigir Biray Avci, Behrouz Shademan, Emad Behboudi

“…Programmed cell death (PCD) is a well-studied cellular mechanism that plays a critical role in immune responses, developmental processes, and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. …”
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Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in lung transplantation: a facilitator of rejection or regulator of tolerance? by Alexander N. Wein, Charles R. Liu, Daniel Kreisel, Daniel Kreisel

“…The role of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the regulation of immune responses to transplanted lungs remains an area of interest and controversy. …”
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Host-Parasite Relationship in Cystic Echinococcosis: An Evolving Story by Alessandra Siracusano, Federica Delunardo, Antonella Teggi, Elena Ortona

“…Despite being under constant barrage by the immune system, E. granulosus modulates antiparasite immune responses and persists in the human hosts with detectable humoral and cellular responses against the parasite. …”
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Immune Dysfunction in Tourette Syndrome by Ishraga Elamin, Mark J. Edwards, Davide Martino

“…Genes related to both cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses may be over-expressed at specific ages in youngsters with TS. …”
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Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway in COVID-19-Dependent Musculoskeletal Pathology: A Minireview by Sagar Vyavahare, Sandeep Kumar, Nicholas Cantu, Ravindra Kolhe, Wendy B. Bollag, Meghan E. McGee-Lawrence, William D. Hill, Mark W. Hamrick, Carlos M. Isales, Sadanand Fulzele

“…The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway plays a vital role in regulating inflammation, metabolism, immune responses, and musculoskeletal system biology. In this minireview, we surmise the effects of the kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 patients and how this pathway might impact muscle and bone biology.…”
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Persistent Suppression of Type 1 Diabetes by a Multicomponent Vaccine Containing a Cholera Toxin B Subunit-Autoantigen Fusion Protein and Complete Freund’s Adjuvant by Béla Dénes, István Fodor, William H. R. Langridge

“…The overall health and humoral immune responses of the vaccinated animals remained normal throughout the duration of the experiments.…”
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Aptamers: A Feasible Technology in Cancer Immunotherapy by M. M. Soldevilla, H. Villanueva, F. Pastor

“…A variety of aptamers described to date have been shown to be reliable in modulating immune responses against cancer by either blocking or activating immune receptors. …”
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Role of macrophage in intervertebral disc degeneration by Yiming Dou, Yiming Zhang, Yang Liu, Xun Sun, Xinyu Liu, Bin Li, Qiang Yang

“…Abstract Intervertebral disc degeneration is a degenerative disease where inflammation and immune responses play significant roles. Macrophages, as key immune cells, critically regulate inflammation through polarization into different phenotypes. …”
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Exploring the Potential of Postbiotics for Food Safety and Human Health Improvement by Folayemi Janet Isaac-Bamgboye, Chiamaka Linda Mgbechidinma, Helen Onyeaka, Ireoluwa Toluwalase Isaac-Bamgboye, Deborah C. Chukwugozie

“…Findings suggest that postbiotics hold promise for improving health and preservation by inhibiting pathogenic bacteria growth and modulating immune responses.…”
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Probiotics in the Modern World by Y. P. Uspenskiy, Y. A. Fominykh, K. N. Nadzhafova, S. V. Polyushkin

“…Alike normal microflora, probiotic strains incorporate into general metabolism by mediating a spectrum of functions, e.g. maintaining colonisation resistance, nutrient metabolism, supplying the host with vital metabolites, regulation of local and adaptive immune responses, enhancing the intestinal barrier. Probiotics are applied in various diseases associated with general imbalances of the organism. …”
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Ingested house dust mite favors sensitization to egg white in mice independently of its proteinase activity by Sara Benedé, Leticia Pérez-Rodríguez, David Menchén-Martínez, Elena Molina, Rosina López-Fandiño

“…BackgroundIt is well-documented that house dust mite (HDM) exposure can cause tissue damage and activate innate immune responses. However, its role in promoting gastrointestinal sensitization and allergenicity to food proteins has been relatively unexplored.MethodsThis study investigates the immunostimulatory effects of HDM in a murine model of oral sensitization to egg white (EW) in the absence of exogenous adjuvants. …”
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The immunological perspective of major depressive disorder: unveiling the interactions between central and peripheral immune mechanisms by Wenli Jiao, Jiayi Lin, Yanfang Deng, Yelin Ji, Chuoyi Liang, Sijia Wei, Xi Jing, Fengxia Yan

“…Modulating both peripheral and central immune responses represent a promising multidimensional therapeutic strategy.…”
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Modelling Peroxisomal Disorders in Zebrafish by Chenxing S. Jiang, Michael Schrader

“…They have been linked to healthy ageing, neurodegeneration, cancer, the combat of pathogens and viruses, and infection and immune responses. Their biogenesis relies on several peroxins (encoded by <i>PEX</i> genes), which mediate matrix protein import, membrane assembly, and peroxisome multiplication. …”
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Inflammatory Chemokine Expression via Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signaling in Normal Human Mesangial Cells by Hiroshi Tanaka, Tadaatsu Imaizumi

“…The activation of TLRs and their downstream immune responses can be induced by both infectious pathogens and noninfectious stimuli such as endogenous ligands, and this mechanism may be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune renal diseases. …”
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Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine by Devang M. Patel, Jainy Shah, Anand S. Srivastava

“…Moreover, their ability to modulate immune responses makes them an even more attractive candidate for regenerative medicine as allogeneic transplant of these cells is feasible without a substantial risk of immune rejection. …”
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Combined Effect of Lentinan and Cisplatin on Cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β in Tumor Therapy by Xu-dong Liu, Min Li, Wan-xiang Li, Qing-yu Wang, Hong-xia Zhang

“…Cytokines, at the same time, are a key factor in regulating immune responses in physiological and pathological states. …”
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Targeting TLR/IL-1R Signalling in Human Diseases by Maria Loiarro, Vito Ruggiero, Claudio Sette

“…The members of Toll-like receptor/Interleukin (IL)-1 receptor (TLR/IL-1R) superfamily play a fundamental role in the immune response. These receptors detect microbial components and trigger complex signalling pathways that result in increased expression of multiple inflammatory genes. …”
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Implication of Fructans in Health: Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Mechanisms by Elena Franco-Robles, Mercedes G. López

“…However, a more direct mechanism for fructan activity has recently been suggested; fructans may interact with immune cells in the intestinal lumen to modulate immune responses in the body. Fructans are currently being studied for their potential as “ROS scavengers” that benefit intestinal epithelial cells by improving their redox environment. …”
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Gut-Lung Microbiota in Chronic Pulmonary Diseases: Evolution, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutics by Chang Yi Shi, Chen Huan Yu, Wen Ying Yu, Hua Zhong Ying

“…The imbalance of microbiota is usually linked to the aberrant immune responses and inflammation, which eventually promotes the occurrence and development of respiratory diseases. …”
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T-regulatory cells for the treatment of autoimmune diseases by Marina S. Fisher, Marina S. Fisher, Sergey V. Sennikov, Sergey V. Sennikov

“…T-regulatory cells (Treg) are key factors in the formation of immune tolerance. Tregs modulate immune responses and repair processes, controlling the innate and adaptive immune system. …”
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