Toll-Like Receptor 2 as a Regulator of Oral Tolerance in the Gastrointestinal Tract by Matthew C. Tunis, Jean S. Marshall

“…Food allergy, other adverse immune responses to foods, inflammatory bowel disease, and eosinophilic esophagitis have become increasingly common in the last 30 years. …”
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A Danger-Theory-Based Immune Network Optimization Algorithm by Ruirui Zhang, Tao Li, Xin Xiao, Yuanquan Shi

“…The danger theory emphasizes that danger signals generated from changes of environments will guide different levels of immune responses, and the areas around danger signals are called danger zones. …”
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Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related (GITR) Protein and Its Ligand in Antitumor Immunity: Functional Role and Therapeutic Modulation by Theresa Placke, Hans-Georg Kopp, Helmut Rainer Salih

“…The ability of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family member GITR to modulate immune responses has been the subject of multiple studies. …”
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Programmed Cell Death Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Fangyuan Yang, Yi He, Zeqing Zhai, Erwei Sun

“…Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by excessive inflammatory and immune responses and tissue damage. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the important role of programmed cell death in SLE pathogenesis. …”
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Role of neuroimmunomodulation by vagus nerve stimulation in rheumatoid arthritis: Are we heading towards a drug-free era? by Prasan Deep Rath, Swetal Pandey, Rahul Bisaralli

“…Another mechanism is the neural inflammatory reflex that regulates innate and adaptive immune responses and also inhibits the production of a vital inflammatory therapeutic target molecule, known as tumor necrosis factor, for RA. …”
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Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Inflammation: Its Involvement in Autoimmune Responses by Elisabetta Profumo, Brigitta Buttari, Rachele Riganò

“…Different self-antigens or modified self-molecules have been identified as target of humoral and cellular immune responses in patients with atherosclerotic disease. …”
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Antibody in Lymphocyte Supernatant (ALS) responses after oral vaccination with live Shigella sonnei vaccine candidates WRSs2 and WRSs3 and correlation with serum antibodies, ASCs,... by Malabi M Venkatesan, Cassandra Ballou, Shoshana Barnoy, Monica McNeal, Jill El-Khorazaty, Robert Frenck, Shahida Baqar

“…Previously, mucosal immune responses were measured by assaying IgA- and IgG-ASC in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). …”
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Application of IgG-Derived Natural Treg Epitopes (IgG Tregitopes) to Antigen-Specific Tolerance Induction in a Murine Model of Type 1 Diabetes by Leslie P. Cousens, Yan Su, Elizabeth McClaine, Xin Li, Frances Terry, Robert Smith, Jinhee Lee, William Martin, David W. Scott, Anne S. De Groot

“…HLA class II-restricted regulatory T cell (Treg) epitopes in IgG (also called “Tregitopes”) have been reported to suppress immune responses to coadministered antigens by stimulating the expansion of natural Tregs (nTregs). …”
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cGAS/STING signaling pathway in gynecological malignancies: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic values by Danyang Zhang, Bingxue Zhang

“…The cGAS/STING signaling pathway, a pivotal mechanism in innate immunity, detects cytosolic DNA from pathogens or cellular damage, triggering immune responses via type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines. …”
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Cytokine Immunopathogenesis of Enterovirus 71 Brain Stem Encephalitis by Shih-Min Wang, Huan-Yao Lei, Ching-Chuan Liu

“…EV71 replicates in leukocytes, endothelial cells, and dendritic cells resulting in the production of immune and inflammatory mediators that shape innate and acquired immune responses and the complications of disease. Cytokines, as a part of innate immunity, favor the development of antiviral and Th1 immune responses. …”
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Developing anti-TDE vaccine for sensitizing cancer cells to treatment and metastasis control by Stephene S. Meena, Benson K. Kosgei, Geofrey F. Soko, Cheng Tingjun, Ramadhani Chambuso, Julius Mwaiselage, Ray P. S. Han

“…TDEs support cancer progression by suppressing anti-tumor immune responses, promoting metastasis, and conferring drug resistance. …”
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NF-κB signaling and the tumor microenvironment in osteosarcoma: implications for immune evasion and therapeutic resistance by Shaoyan Shi, Xuehai Ou, Chao Liu, Rui Li, Qianjin Zheng, Leiming Hu

“…Osteosarcoma, a highly aggressive malignancy with a generally poor prognosis, is characterized by tumor cells’ ability to evade immune responses and resist treatment. The nuclear transcription factor NF-κB signaling pathway is crucial in regulating inflammatory and immune reactions. …”
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Effect of gut microbiota changes on cytokines IL-10 and IL-17 levels in liver transplantation patients by Mohamed Abdel-Raoof Fouda, Mohamed Abdel-Wahhab, Ahmed Esmail Abdelkader, Mohsen El-Sayd Ibrahim, Taher Abozeid Elsheikh, Hisham Mohammad Aldeweik, Nora Elfeky

“…Cytokines, small signaling molecules, significantly influence immune responses during and post-liver transplantation. …”
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Ex Vivo Restimulation of Human PBMC Expands a CD3+CD4-CD8-γδ+ T Cell Population That Can Confound the Evaluation of CD4 and CD8 T Cell Responses to Vaccination by B. J. Sedgmen, L. Papalia, L. Wang, A. R. Dyson, H. A. McCallum, C. M. Simson, M. J. Pearse, E. Maraskovsky, D. Hung, P. P. Eomois, G. Hartel, M. J. Barnden, S. P. Rockman

“…The measurement of vaccine-induced humoral and CD4+ and CD8+ cellular immune responses represents an important correlate of vaccine efficacy. …”
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Vibrio Dynamics and Health Status of Pacific White Shrimp Fed with Cinnamaldehyde-Containing Feed by Dian Eka Ramadhani, Andri Hendriana, Dinamella Wahjuningrum, Muhammad Arif Mulya

“…The decrease of green Vibrio bacteria and increased colonization of yellow Vibrio bacteria were correlated with immune responses. The best treatment in this study is treatment C.…”
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SOCS1, a Negative Regulator of Cytokine Signals and TLR Responses, in Human Liver Diseases by Minoru Fujimoto, Tetsuji Naka

“…Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways are strictly coordinated by several mechanisms to regulate adequate innate immune responses. Recent lines of evidence indicate that the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family proteins, originally identified as negative-feedback regulators in cytokine signaling, are involved in the regulation of TLR-mediated immune responses. …”
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The Influence of Nanoparticle on Vaccine Responses against Bacterial Infection by Sareh Bagheri-Josheghani, Bita Bakhshi, Shahin Najar-peerayeh

“…Nanoparticles could function as a drug delivery tool, as an adjuvant to promote antigen processing, and as an immune modulator to induce immune responses. These nanoparticles generate immune responses through activating immune cells as well as through the production of antibody responses. …”
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Vaccine adjuvants for immunotherapy: type, mechanisms and clinical applications by Nimeet Desai, Sherrin Gotru, Sagar Salave, Lalitkumar K. Vora

“…These emerging agents hold promise for enhancing immune responses while tailoring therapies to specific disease contexts, from cancer to infectious diseases. …”
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Midgut immune profiling and functional characterization of Aedes aegypti ABC transporter gene(s) using systemic and local bacterial challenges by Vikas Kumar, Shilpi Garg, Diksha Sisodia, Lalita Gupta, Sanjeev Kumar, Vishal Saxena

“…Conclusions The silencing of AaeABCG3 modulated the mosquito midgut immune response and disturbed the midgut microbiota homeostasis. …”
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Vascularized Composite Allograft Rejection Is Delayed by Intrajejunal Treatment with Donor Splenocytes without Concomitant Immunosuppressants by Christopher Glenn Wallace, Chia-Hung Yen, Hsiang-Chen Yang, Chun-Yen Lin, Ren-Chin Wu, Wei-Chao Huang, Jeng-Yee Lin, Fu-Chan Wei

“…Recipients’ immune responses were assessed by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) against donor antigen and controls. …”
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