Micropenis by Jeremy Wiygul, Lane S. Palmer

“…This condition is usually the result of a defect in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, although iatrogenic causes are identified infrequently. …”
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Synchronous Leydig Cell Tumor and Seminoma in the Ipsilateral Testis by Ifeyinwa E. Obiorah, Alexandra Kyrillos, Metin Ozdemirli

“…Leydig cell tumors are derived from undifferentiated gonadal mesenchyme and the concurrent development of the tumor and a seminoma which are derived from germinal epithelium in an ipsilateral testis is extremely rare. …”
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Short Stature on a Boy: Mosaicism with an Isodicentric Y Chromosome by Catarina Silvestre, Juliette Dupont, Rosário Silveira Santos, Brígida Robalo, Carla Pereira, Maria Lurdes Sampaio

“…There is an important clinical need for gonadal follow-up in this situation and for support in the decision about sex of rearing and sex orientation, when justifiable.…”
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From Placenta to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: The Role of Adipokines by Chiara Sartori, Pietro Lazzeroni, Silvia Merli, Viviana Dora Patianna, Francesca Viaroli, Francesca Cirillo, Sergio Amarri, Maria Elisabeth Street

“…With regard to puberty, adipokines are involved in the regulation of the relationship between nutritional status and normal physiology or disorders of puberty and altered gonadal function, as, for example, premature pubarche and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). …”
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Retrograde Positive Contrast Urethrocystography of the Fish Urogenital System by Francesco Macrì, Annamaria Passantino, Michela Pugliese, Simona Di Pietro, Daniele Zaccone, Pietro Giorgianni, Rossella Bonfiglio, Fabio Marino

“…Positive contrast was used to survey the urogenital system and evaluate shape and size of the bladder, urethra, ureter, and gonadal ducts. Results demonstrate the morphological variability of the urinary bladder and the craniodorsal entry of the ureters into the bladder. …”
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Sex-Change Chemicals and their Influence on the Brain by Catherine A. Harris

“…It has, nevertheless, been acknowledged that many wildlife populations are exhibiting reproductive and/or developmental abnormalities such as intersex gonads in wild roach populations in the U.K.[1] and various reproductive disorders in alligators in Lake Apopka, Florida[2]. …”
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Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome: Understanding the Challenges by Irene Chua, Naeem Samnakay

“…A Müllerian structure resembling a uterus with bilateral fallopian tube-like structures was seen in the pelvis, along with bilateral intra-abdominal testes. Gonadal biopsy confirmed normal testicular tissue. …”
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Adult Type Granulosa Cell Tumor: A Very Rare Case of Sex-Cord Tumor of the Testis with Review of the Literature by Dimosthenis Miliaras, Eleftherios Anagnostou, Ioannis Moysides

“…Granulosa cell tumor (GST) is a sex-cord/stromal neoplasm of the gonads, more commonly arising in the ovaries, while approximately 80 cases have been reported in the testes. …”
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Application of the New Classification on Patients with a Disorder of Sex Development in Indonesia by A. Zulfa Juniarto, Yvonne G. van der Zwan, Ardy Santosa, Remko Hersmus, Frank H. de Jong, Renske Olmer, Hennie T. Bruggenwirth, Axel P. N. Themmen, Katja P. Wolffenbuttel, Leendert H. J. Looijenga, Sultana M. H. Faradz, Stenvert L. S. Drop

“…In all 58 46, XY DSD patients, 29 were suspected of a disorder of androgen action (12 with an androgen receptor mutation), and in 9, gonadal dysgenesis was found and, in 20, severe hypospadias e.c.i. …”
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Exploring the Role of Estrogens in Lizard Spermatogenesis through the Study of Clomiphene and FSH Effects by Mariailaria Verderame, Rosaria Scudiero, Ermelinda Limatola

“…The ability of Clomiphene to restore the gonadal natural condition after FSH treatment is also demonstrated. …”
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Habilidades sociales: Su importancia en mujeres con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner by María Soledad Sartori, Marcela Carolina López

“…El Síndrome de Turner es un trastorno cromosómico determinado por la deleción del cromosoma X en el sexo femenino, siendo la talla y la disgenesia gonadal sus principales características físicas. Las mismas tienen un gran impacto en el desarrollo psicológico de esta población generando problemas en la capacidad de establecer relaciones sociales óptimas. …”
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Sex and gender differences in the molecular etiology of Parkinson’s disease: considerations for study design and data analysis by Samantha L. Schaffner, Kira N. Tosefsky, Amy M. Inskter, Silke Appel-Cresswell, Julia M. Schulze-Hentrich

“…Sex differences that are established at conception and heightened during adolescence and midlife may partially embed future PD risk, due to the complex interactions between gonadal hormones, gene regulation, lifestyle factors, and aging. …”
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MPTP Neurotoxicity and Testosterone Induce Dendritic Remodeling of Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons in the C57Bl/6 Mouse by Eleni Antzoulatos, Michael W. Jakowec, Giselle M. Petzinger, Ruth I. Wood

“…However, there was no interaction between gonadal status and MPTP. Thus, castration and MPTP exert nonoverlapping effects on MSN morphology with castration acting on distal dendrites and MPTP acting proximally.…”
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From biological marker to clinical application: the role of anti-Müllerian hormone for delayed puberty and idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia in males by Yuanyuan Zeng, Guicheng Zhao, Yi Zheng, Xiaohui Jiang

“…AMH reflects Sertoli cell activity and plays a pivotal role across different stages of male gonadal function. First, in prepubertal males, AMH levels are crucial for assessing testicular development and the progression of puberty, with delayed or insufficient AMH secretion often being associated with disorders such as delayed puberty. …”
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Gender Differences in the Neurobiology of Anxiety: Focus on Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis by Alessandra Aparecida Marques, Mário Cesar do Nascimento Bevilaqua, Alberto Morais Pinto da Fonseca, Antonio Egidio Nardi, Sandrine Thuret, Gisele Pereira Dias

“…The differences between male and female physiologies are greatly influenced by hormonal differences. Gonadal hormones and their fluctuations during the estrous cycle have often been identified as agents responsible for sexual dimorphism in behavior and AHN. …”
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Insulinoma Presenting with Long-Standing Depression, Primary Hypogonadism, and Sertoli Cell Only Syndrome by Usman H. Malabu, Durgesh Gowda, Yong Mong Tan

“…He was diagnosed with primary gonadal failure and physical examination showed no evidence of dysmorphic features. …”
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Challenges in Management of Ovotesticular Differences in Sex Development in Resource-Limited Settings by Serwah Bonsu Asafo-Agyei, Emmanuel Ameyaw, Boateng Nimako, Michael Amoah

“…Differences in sex development (DSD) are congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Ovotesticular DSD is the rarest variant of DSD where both ovarian and testicular tissues co-exist in an individual. …”
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Gender Differences in Metabolic Disorders and Related Diseases in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Leprfa Rats by Takeshi Ohta, Yoshiaki Katsuda, Katsuhiro Miyajima, Tomohiko Sasase, Shuichi Kimura, Bin Tong, Takahisa Yamada

“…Blood lipids tended to increase in female rats. Gonadal dysfunction was observed in both male and female rats with aging. …”
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Modification of the telomerase gene with human regulatory sequences resets mouse telomeres to human length by Fan Zhang, De Cheng, Kenneth I. Porter, Emily A. Heck, Shuwen Wang, Hui Zhang, Christopher J. Davis, Gavin P. Robertson, Jiyue Zhu

“…The hmTert gene, which is repressed in adult tissues except the gonads and thymus, closely mimics human TERT regulation. …”
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Three Siblings with Prader-Willi Syndrome: Brief Review of Sleep and Prader-Willi Syndrome by Arina Bingeliene, Colin M. Shapiro, Sharon A. Chung

“…Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder characterized by short stature, mental retardation, hypotonia, functionally deficient gonads, and uncontrolled appetite leading to extreme obesity at an early age. …”
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