A Reward Optimization Method Based on Action Subrewards in Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning by Yuchen Fu, Quan Liu, Xionghong Ling, Zhiming Cui

“…A hierarchical reinforcement learning method based on action subrewards is proposed to solve the problem of “curse of dimensionality,” which means that the states space will grow exponentially in the number of features and low convergence speed. …”
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Fundamental Frequency Analysis of Sandwich Beams with Functionally Graded Face and Metallic Foam Core by Lin Mu, Guiping Zhao

“…The face sheet, which is an exponentially graded material (EGM) varying smoothly in the thickness direction only, is composed of a mixture of metal and ceramic. …”
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New design approaches for future technological scenarios. Connections between present and future by Laura Anselmi, Marita Canina, Carmen Bruno, Davide Minighin

“…We are witnessing an exponential technological development adopting digital processes in all aspects of our life, and establishing a symbiotic connection between physical and virtual realities. …”
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Heterogeneous Integration Technologies for Artificial Intelligence Applications by Madison Manley, Ashita Victor, Hyunggyu Park, Ankit Kaul, Mohanalingam Kathaperumal, Muhannad S. Bakir

“…However, the conventional methods of transistor scaling are not enough to meet the exponential demand for computing power driven by AI. …”
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Evaluation and Testing in Operational Environments: Accelerating Development Cycles for Maritime Unmanned Systems by João Borges de Sousa

“…According to Martec’s Law, technology is evolving exponentially, while organizations are evolving logarithmically. …”
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Responses of endogenous proline in rice seedlings under chromium exposure by X.Z. Yu, M.R. Lu

“…Results also showed that the accumulation capacity of chromium by rice seedlings was positively correlated to chromium concentrations supplied in both chromium variants and the accumulation curve depicted an exponential trend in both chromium treatments over the entire period of exposure. …”
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Network-Coded Relaying in Multiuser Multicast D2D Network by Mingjun Dai, Shengli Zhang, Hui Wang, Bin Chen, Xiaohui Lin, Hongwei Liu, Li Zhang

“…Numerical studies verify the analysis and show that the throughput performance gap between the two schemes increases significantly, actually exponentially with the number of devices.…”
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On the Dynamical Behavior of Toxic-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton Model with Delay by Mehbuba Rehim, Weixin Wu, Ahmadjan Muhammadhaji

“…A toxin producing phytoplankton-zooplankton model with inhibitory exponential substrate and time delay has been formulated and analyzed. …”
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A MRAC Principle for a Single-Link Electrically Driven Robot with Parameter Uncertainties by Carlos Aguilar-Avelar, Javier Moreno-Valenzuela

“…Closed-loop stability is rigorously discussed, proving that the tracking error trajectories converge to the origin exponentially. With the aim of performing experimental comparisons, two control schemes are also revisited theoretically and experimentally: one is an algorithm previously reported in the literature and the other is an adaptive controller derived under the assumption that the electrical dynamics of the actuator are negligible. …”
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Enhanced preoperative prediction of breast lesion pathology, prognostic biomarkers, and molecular subtypes using multiple models diffusion-weighted MR imaging by Litong He, Feng Li, Yanjin Qin, Yuling Li, Qilan Hu, Zhiqiang Liu, Yunfei Zhang, Tao Ai

“…Abstract This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the clinical utility of five diffusion models, including conventional mono-exponential (Mono), intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM), diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI), stretched exponential (SEM), and continuous-time random-walk (CTRW), for preoperatively predicting of breast lesion pathology, prognostic biomarkers, and molecular subtypes. …”
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Synchronization of a Supply Chain Model with Four Chaotic Attractors by Jing Zheng, Qiongxin Zhang, Qi Xu, Fei Xu, Victor Shi

“…These control laws for the chaotic system are proved to realize local asymptotic synchronization or global exponential synchronization. Numerical simulations are conducted to confirm that the designed controls work well.…”
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Improved Bat Algorithm Applied to Multilevel Image Thresholding by Adis Alihodzic, Milan Tuba

“…However, the required computational time for exhaustive search grows exponentially with the number of desired thresholds. …”
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A New Spectral Local Linearization Method for Nonlinear Boundary Layer Flow Problems by S. S. Motsa

“…We propose a simple and efficient method for solving highly nonlinear systems of boundary layer flow problems with exponentially decaying profiles. The algorithm of the proposed method is based on an innovative idea of linearizing and decoupling the governing systems of equations and reducing them into a sequence of subsystems of differential equations which are solved using spectral collocation methods. …”
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Spam Email Detection using Naïve Bayes classifier by Wang Liansong

“…Spam email detection is still a considerable and ongoing challenge in today’s online environment, as the number of unsolicited emails keeps growing exponentially. Various algorithms such as the tree-based model, support vector machine Algorithm, and Convolutional Neural Network have been explored in prior research to tackle this challenge. …”
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Study on predictive models for COVID-19 in Cuba by Juan Felipe Medina Mendieta, Manuel Eduardo Cortés Cortés, Manuel Cortés Iglesias, Annia del Carmen Pérez Fernández, Marianelis Manzano Cabrera

“…<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> the least squares method was used to obtain the parameters using linear (MCL) and nonlinear (MCNL) models. Logistic and exponential models, such as the logistic growth curve, used to model population growth (Gompertz growth models), were applied to the growth prediction of infected cases and / or deaths, respectively.…”
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Fast Computation of Singular Oscillatory Fourier Transforms by Hongchao Kang, Xinping Shao

“…Based on substituting the original interval of integration by the paths of steepest descent, if f is analytic in the complex region G containing [a, b], the computation of integrals can be transformed into the problems of integrating two integrals on [0, ∞) with the integrand that does not oscillate and decays exponentially fast, which can be efficiently computed by using the generalized Gauss Laguerre quadrature rule. …”
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Antioxidant Functions of Nitric Oxide Synthase in a Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus by Manisha Vaish, Vineet K. Singh

“…In this study it was determined that under normal growth conditions, expression of SaNOS was highest during early exponential phase of the bacterial growth. In oxidative stress studies, deletion of SaNOS led to increased susceptibility of the mutant cells compared to wild-type S. aureus. …”
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Studying engagement in educational settings: a mapping review on high-impact academic engagement research by Paola Loyola-Carrillo, Alejandro Vega-Muñoz, Alejandro Vega-Muñoz, Guido Salazar-Sepúlveda, Guido Salazar-Sepúlveda, Miseldra Gil-Marín, José Adsuar-Sala, José Adsuar-Sala

“…Our study provides an overview of high-impact research in academic engagement and the potential causes of its high valuation in the scientific community.MethodsWe conducted a mapping review using bibliometric analysis of 1,607 articles indexed in Web of Science, processed mainly by VOSviewer software.ResultsThe publication of selected articles grew exponentially year by year, presenting concentration levels of 1% in authorship, 49% in a single country, and 5% in journals, identified as outstanding Keywords plus® central aspects of academic engagement (classroom-social environment and school engagement), in addition, 6% were in highly cited articles.ConclusionThese highly cited articles (6%) are associated with authors with high levels of publication. …”
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Circuit Implementation, Synchronization of Multistability, and Image Encryption of a Four-Wing Memristive Chaotic System by Guangya Peng, Fuhong Min, Enrong Wang

“…A nonlinear synchronization controller with exponential function is devised to realize synchronization of the coexistence of multiple attractors, and the synchronization control scheme is applied to image encryption to improve secret key space. …”
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Research Progress in Small-Molecule Detection Using Aptamer-Based SERS Techniques by Li Zheng, Qingdan Ye, Mengmeng Wang, Fan Sun, Qiang Chen, Xiaoping Yu, Yufeng Wang, Pei Liang

“…Nucleic acid aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that are selected through exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology from synthetic DNA/RNA libraries. …”
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