Discovery of Evolutionary Loss of the Ubiquitin-like Autophagy-Related ATG12 System in a Lineage of Apicomplexa by Xiaoxia X. Lin, Yun D. Bai, Sichang T. Wang, Akira Nozawa, Tatsuya Sawasaki, Tatsunori Masatani, Kenji Hikosaka, Masahito Asada, Hirokazu Sakamoto

“…The autophagy-related ubiquitin-like conjugation systems, the ATG8 and ATG12 systems, are universally conserved in eukaryotes. However, the covalent bond in the ATG12 system has recently been shown to be evolutionarily lost in Apicomplexa. …”
Get full text

Characterization of extracellular vesicles by capillary zone electrophoresis: A novel concept for characterization of a next-generation drug delivery platform by Aleksandra Steć, Andrea Heinz, Szymon Dziomba

“…Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a part of a cell-to-cell communication system of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Their ability to penetrate biological barriers and to transfer molecules between cells shows their potential as a novel class of drug delivery platform. …”
Get full text

Overexpression of a Vesicle Trafficking Gene, OsRab7, Enhances Salt Tolerance in Rice by Xiaojue Peng, Xia Ding, Tianfang Chang, Zhoulong Wang, Rong Liu, Xin Zeng, Yaohui Cai, Youlin Zhu

“…Rab7 is a small GTP-binding protein that is distributed widely among eukaryotes. Endocytic trafficking mediated by Rab7 plays an important role in animal and yeast cells, but the current understanding of Rab7 in plants is still very limited. …”
Get full text

Distribution of the four type VI secretion systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and classification of their core and accessory effectors by Antonia Habich, Verónica Chaves Vargas, Luca A. Robinson, Luke P. Allsopp, Daniel Unterweger

“…Abstract Bacterial type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are puncturing molecular machines that transport effector proteins to kill microbes, manipulate eukaryotic cells, or facilitate nutrient uptake. How and why T6SS machines and effectors differ within a species is not fully understood. …”
Get full text

Functions and applications of RNA interference and small regulatory RNAs by Feng Xuezhu, Guang Shouhong

“…Small regulatory RNAs play a variety of crucial roles in eukaryotes, influencing gene regulation, developmental timing, antiviral defense, and genome integrity via a process termed RNA interference (RNAi). …”
Get full text

Autophagy: More Than a Nonselective Pathway by Fulvio Reggiori, Masaaki Komatsu, Kim Finley, Anne Simonsen

“…Autophagy is a catabolic pathway conserved among eukaryotes that allows cells to rapidly eliminate large unwanted structures such as aberrant protein aggregates, superfluous or damaged organelles, and invading pathogens. …”
Get full text

DNA Polymerase e - More Than a Polymerase by Helmut Pospiech, Juhani E. Syväoja

“…Together with DNA polymerases a and d, this enzyme replicates the nuclear DNA in the eukaryotic cell. During this process, DNA polymerase a lays down RNA-DNA primers that are utilized by DNA polymerases d and e for the bulk DNA synthesis. …”
Get full text

Artificial cells with all-aqueous droplet-in-droplet structures for spatially separated transcription and translation by Kanji Tomohara, Yoshihiro Minagawa, Hiroyuki Noji

“…Here, we develop artificial cells with all-aqueous droplet-in-droplet structures that separate transcription and translation processes like the nucleus and cytosol in eukaryotic cells. This architecture uses protein-based inner droplets and aqueous two-phase outer compartments, stabilized by colloidal emulsifiers. …”
Get full text

A relay race of ESCRT-III paralogs drives cell division in a hyperthermophilic archaeon by Junfeng Liu, Mickaël Lelek, Yunfeng Yang, Audrey Salles, Christophe Zimmer, Yulong Shen, Mart Krupovic

“…Archaea of the order Sulfolobales divide using a simpler version of the eukaryotic endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery, composed of three ESCRT-III homologs (ESCRT-III, -III-1, and -III-2), AAA+ ATPase Vps4 and an archaea-specific component CdvA. …”
Get full text

A hammerhead ribozyme selects mechanically stable conformations for catalysis against viral RNA by Man Lu, Zhiqiang Cao, Luoan Xiong, Hongying Deng, Kangkang Ma, Ning Liu, Yanding Qin, Shen-Bo Chen, Jun-Hu Chen, Yao Li, Yijin Liu, Zhongbo Yu

“…Abstract Ribozymes, widely found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, target nucleic acids and can be engineered as biotechnical tools or for gene regulation or immune therapy. …”
Get full text

Biosynthesis and Role of N-Linked Glycosylation in Cell Surface Structures of Archaea with a Focus on Flagella and S Layers by Ken F. Jarrell, Gareth M. Jones, Divya B. Nair

“…The N-linked glycosylation system is not essential for any of M. voltae, M. maripaludis, or H. volcanii, as demonstrated by the successful isolation of mutants carrying deletions in the oligosaccharyltransferase gene aglB (a homologue of the eukaryotic Stt3 subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex). …”
Get full text

Regulatory roles of RNA binding proteins in the Hippo pathway by Shuchang Peng, Chenglin Li, Yanwen He, Lei Xue, Xiaowei Guo

“…Overall, this review provides mechanistic insights into the roles of eukaryotic RBP proteins in the regulation of crucial signaling cascades.…”
Get full text

Centromere positioning orchestrates telomere bouquet formation and the initiation of meiotic differentiation by Alberto Jiménez-Martín, Alberto Pineda-Santaella, Rebeca Martín-García, Rodrigo Esteban-Villafañe, Alix Matarrese, Jesús Pinto-Cruz, Sergio Camacho-Cabañas, Daniel León-Periñán, Antonia Terrizzano, Rafael R. Daga, Sigurd Braun, Alfonso Fernández-Álvarez

“…This discovery highlights the finely tuned control exerted over long-distance heterochromatic regions and underscores a pivotal step in the mechanism of eukaryotic telomere bouquet formation and meiotic transcriptional rewiring.…”
Get full text

RNA structure in alternative splicing regulation: from mechanism to therapy by Bao Nengcheng, Wang Zhechao, Fu Jiayan, Dong Haiyang, Jin Yongfeng

“…Alternative splicing is a highly intricate process that plays a crucial role in post-transcriptional regulation and significantly expands the functional proteome of a limited number of coding genes in eukaryotes. Its regulation is multifactorial, with RNA structure exerting a significant impact. …”
Get full text

Small RNA Expression Profiling by High-Throughput Sequencing: Implications of Enzymatic Manipulation by Fanglei Zhuang, Ryan T. Fuchs, G. Brett Robb

“…Eukaryotic regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) play significant roles in many fundamental cellular processes. …”
Get full text

Effect of Phosphate Starvation on Gene Expression in <i>Komagataella phaffii</i> Cells by Valeria V. Ishtuganova, Anton V. Sidorin, Anastasiya S. Makeeva, Marina V. Padkina, Andrey M. Rumyantsev

“…The study of phosphate metabolism and its regulation is important for understanding the evolutionary processes of regulatory systems in eukaryotic cells. The methylotrophic yeast <i>Komagataella phaffii</i> is an efficient producer organism, and it is actively used in biotechnological production. …”
Get full text

ADATs: roles in tRNA editing and relevance to disease by Mao Xue-Ling, Eriani Gilbert, Zhou Xiao-Long

“…The most studied example is the TadA- or ADAT2/3-mediated A-to-I conversion of the tRNA wobble position in the anticodon of prokaryotic or eukaryotic tRNAs, respectively. This review provides detailed information on A-to-I and C-to-U editing of tRNAs in different domains of life, presents recent new findings on ADATs for DNA editing, and finally comments on the association of mutations in the ADAT3 gene with intellectual disability.…”
Get full text

Possible Mechanisms of Relations between the Thermal Neutrons Field and Biosphere by Anton V. Syroeshkin, Irina V. Tarabrina, Mariya A. Morozova, Alla V. Marukhlenko, Igor A. Zlatskiy, Mariya P. Makarova

“…This paper proposes some results concerning the interaction of living matter of different organization levels (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) with the flux of thermal neutrons. The phenomenon of the virtual neutron trap was tested during the passage of thermalized neutrons from the Pu-Be couple through a flat layer of E. coli suspension. …”
Get full text

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Intestinal Epithelial Cell Function and Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Katherine Luo, Stewart Siyan Cao

“…In eukaryotic cells, perturbation of protein folding homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, which activates intracellular signaling pathways termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). …”
Get full text

Metagenomics approaches for studying the human microbiome by Biniam Moges, Degisew Yinur Mengistu

“…The human body harbors an extremely complex and dynamic microbial community (10-100 trillion) of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes. The human microbiota plays a crucial role in the environment and human health under normal circumstances; nonetheless, dysfunction of the human microbiome has been associated with illnesses ranging from inflammatory bowel disease to multidrug-resistant infections. …”
Get full text