Case report: Periorbital pilomatricoma: a rare benign skin tumor misdiagnosed as cellulitis by Rahul Kumar, Jane Z. Spadaro, Jane Z. Spadaro, Alon Kahana, Alon Kahana, Alon Kahana

“…Lack of pain or tenderness are important clues against an infectious or inflammatory etiology. Complete surgical excision is therapeutic and allows for diagnostic confirmation. …”
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Gender Differences in Behçet’s Disease Associated Uveitis by Didar Ucar-Comlekoglu, Austin Fox, H. Nida Sen

“…Behçet’s disease is a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology, characterized by oral and genital ulceration, skin lesions, and uveitis as well as vascular, central nervous system, and gastrointestinal system involvement. …”
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The Role of PPAR Gamma in Systemic Sclerosis by Andréa Tavares Dantas, Michelly Cristiny Pereira, Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo Rego, Laurindo Ferreira da Rocha, Ivan da Rocha Pitta, Cláudia Diniz Lopes Marques, Angela Luzia Branco Pinto Duarte, Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta

“…Fibrosis is recognized as an important feature of many chronic diseases, such as systemic sclerosis (SSc), an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, characterized by immune dysregulation and vascular injury, followed by progressive fibrosis affecting the skin and multiple internal organs. …”
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Primary Angiosarcoma of the Spleen: An Oncological Enigma by Myoteri Despoina, Dellaportas Dionysios, Ayiomamitis Georgios, Strigklis Konstantinos, Kouroumpas Efstratios, Zizi-Sermpetzoglou Adamantia

“…The incidence of the disease is 0.14–0.23 cases per million, with slight male predominance. Etiology is not established and clinical presentation may confuse even experienced physicians. …”
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A Unique “Composite” PTLD with Diffuse Large B-Cell and T/Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Components Occurring 17 Years after Transplant by Kristin La Fortune, Dahua Zhang, Gordana Raca, Erik A. Ranheim

“…The other component showed anaplastic morphology, expressed some but not all T-cell markers, failed to express most B-cell markers except for PAX5, and was diffusely EBV positive. Possible etiologies for this peculiar constellation of findings are discussed and the literature reviewed for “composite-like” lymphomas late in the posttransplant setting.…”
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Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis: A New Entity within the Spectrum of Rare Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias by Karina Portillo, Ignasi Guasch, Caroline Becker, Felipe Andreo, Maria Teresa Fernández-Figueras, José Ramirez Ruz, Carlos Martinez-Barenys, Samuel García-Reina, Pedro Lopez de Castro, Irene Sansano, Ana Villar, Juan Ruiz-Manzano

“…PPFE is characterized by pleural and subpleural parenchymal thickening due to elastic fiber proliferation, mainly in the upper lobes. The etiology of the disease is unclear, although some cases have been associated as a complication after bone marrow transplantation, lung transplantation (LT), chemotherapy, and recurrent respiratory infections. …”
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Acute Dilatation, Ischemia, and Necrosis of Stomach without Perforation by Manash Ranjan Sahoo, Anil T. Kumar, Sunil Jaiswal, Siba Narayan Bhujabal

“…Acute gastric dilatation can have multiple etiologies which may lead to ischemia of the stomach. …”
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Analysis of Embryoid Bodies Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Means to Assess Pluripotency by Steven D. Sheridan, Vasudha Surampudi, Raj R. Rao

“…Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have core properties of unlimited self-renewal and differentiation potential and have emerged as exciting cell sources for applications in regenerative medicine, drug discovery, understanding of development, and disease etiology. Key among numerous criteria to assess pluripotency includes the in vivo teratoma assay that has been widely proposed as a standard functional assay to demonstrate the pluripotency of hiPSCs. …”
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Late Onset Anaphylaxis in a Hydatid Cyst Case Presenting with Chronic Urticaria by Insu Yilmaz, Omur Aydin, Alexis Okoh, Zeynep Misirligil

“…We emphasize that physicians should be aware of hydatid cyst as a possible etiology for seemingly chronic spontaneous urticaria, especially in endemic regions. …”
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Ultraviolet Radiation and the Slug Transcription Factor Induce Proinflammatory and Immunomodulatory Mediator Expression in Melanocytes by Stephanie H. Shirley, Elizabeth A. Grimm, Donna F. Kusewitt

“…Despite extensive investigation, the precise contribution of the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) component of sunlight to melanoma etiology remains unclear. UVR induces keratinocytes to secrete proinflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators that promote inflammation and skin tumor development; expression of the slug transcription factor in keratinocytes is required for maximal production of these mediators. …”
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Factors Influencing Oxidative Imbalance in Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Immunohistochemical Study by Simona Inghilleri, Patrizia Morbini, Ilaria Campo, Michele Zorzetto, Tiberio Oggionni, Ernesto Pozzi, Maurizio Luisetti

“…Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease of unknown etiology characterized by interstitial fibrosis determining irreversible distortion of pulmonary architecture. …”
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Co-design of the neurodevelopment assessment scale by Tsz Ying Wong, Syeda Ishra Azim, Christa Lam-Cassettari, Ping-I. Lin, Ping-I. Lin, Antonio Mendoza Diaz, Antonio Mendoza Diaz, Antonio Mendoza Diaz, Alicia Montgomery, Anne Masi, Kylie-Ann Mallitt, Kylie-Ann Mallitt, Andrew Whitehouse, Mark R. Dadds, Valsamma Eapen

“…IntroductionNeurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) have high comorbidity rates and shared etiology. Nevertheless, NDD assessment is diagnosis-driven and focuses on symptom profiles of individual disorders, which hinders diagnosis and treatment. …”
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Seronegative Intestinal Villous Atrophy: A Diagnostic Challenge by Cláudio Martins, Cristina Teixeira, Suzane Ribeiro, Daniel Trabulo, Cláudia Cardoso, João Mangualde, Ricardo Freire, Ana Luísa Alves, Élia Gamito, Isabelle Cremers, Ana Paula Oliveira

“…In these cases, before establishing the diagnosis of seronegative celiac disease, alternative etiologies of atrophic enteropathy should be considered. …”
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Herpes Simplex Proctitis Mimicking Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Teenaged Male by Kristen E. Sandgren, Nathan B. Price, Warren P. Bishop, Patrick J. McCarthy

“…Though proctitis is most commonly due to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), infectious etiologies must also be considered, including sexually transmitted causes of infectious proctitis. …”
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The Role of −786T/C Polymorphism in the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene in Males with Clinical and Biochemical Features of the Metabolic Syndrome by Blazej Misiak, Marta Krolik, Anna Kukowka, Anna Lewera, Przemyslaw Leszczynski, Joanna Stankiewicz-Olczyk, Ryszard Slezak

“…The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of −786T/C polymorphism in the etiology of MS and assess previously reported interaction with cigarette smoking. …”
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Atypical Vascular Involvement in a Case of Behçet's Disease by Alejandro Rodríguez Morata, Ana Hidalgo Conde, Carlos de la Cruz Cosme, Susana Gómez Ramírez, Rafael Gómez Medialdea

“…Behçet's disease (BD) is a form of vasculitis of unknown etiology which is rare in our environment. It is characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations and usually affects young adults. …”
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Diagnosing Spinal Gout: A Rare Case of Back Pain and Fever by Andres Cordova Sanchez, Maneesh Bisen, Farzam Khokhar, Adriana May, Jihad Ben Gabr

“…Imaging findings are, for the most part, nonspecific and often mimic infectious etiologies. Definitive diagnosis requires pathological examination. …”
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Update on the Medical Management of Gastrointestinal Behçet’s Disease by Giuseppe Lopalco, Donato Rigante, Vincenzo Venerito, Claudia Fabiani, Rossella Franceschini, Michele Barone, Giovanni Lapadula, Mauro Galeazzi, Bruno Frediani, Florenzo Iannone, Luca Cantarini

“…Behçet’s disease (BD) is a multisystemic disorder of unknown etiology mainly defined by recurrent oral aphthosis, genital ulcers, and chronic relapsing bilateral uveitis, all of which represent the “stigmata” of disease. …”
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Unusual Dermoid Cyst in Oral Cavity by Evanice Menezes Marçal Vieira, Alvaro Henrique Borges, Luis Evaristo Ricci Volpato, Alessandra Nogueira Porto, Artur Aburad Carvalhosa, Gilberto de Almeida Botelho, Matheus Coelho Bandeca

“…Dermoid cysts in oral cavity are unusual lesions. Their etiology is not yet clear and can be associated with trapped cells as a result of the inclusion error resulting in the development into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm tissues. …”
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The Genetic Basis of Congenital Cataracts: Advances in Diagnostics and Therapeutics by Agnieszka Starzyk, Piotr Charzewski

“…This study reviewed literature from 2000 to 2023 on genetic etiology, surgical management, and emerging therapies. …”
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