Atrial Fibrillation Caused by Intractable Hiccups: A Unique Cause and Cure by Joshua H. Arnold, Neil Brandon

“…The patient has remained in NSR and free of hiccups. The potential etiologies for hiccups are numerous and varied, and the management of persistent hiccups can be difficult. …”
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Immunosuppression and the Immune Response to Transplantation by David Ludwin, Dianne Arlen, J David Russell

“…CONCLUSIONS: Advances in our knowledge about the nature and regulation of the immune response has enhanced our understanding of the etiology of transplant rejection. Host factors and immunosuppressive therapy may both be important in modulating the immune response after transplantation. …”
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Metronidazole-Induced Pancreatitis: Is There Underrecognition? A Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature by Ibrahim Youssef, Naba Saeed, Mohammad El Abdallah, Kara Huevelhorst, Kais Zakharia

“…Up to 80% of cases are caused by cholelithiasis and alcohol abuse. Less common etiologies that need to be explored include hypertriglyceridemia, trauma, ERCP, infections, and drugs. …”
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The long-term outcome of children with VP shunt and hydrocephalus: motor developmental outcome and QOL of patients with hydrocephalus is associated with the number of revisional pr... by Danielle S. Wendling-Keim, Hannah Luz, Elena Kren, Oliver Muensterer, Markus Lehner

“…Of these, 30 questionnaires were completed by the patients themselves or with the support of their families and included in the study. The etiology of the hydrocephalus as a non-controllable parameter did not affect the cognitive and motor development as well as the occurrence of epilepsy, cephalalgia and the quality of life. …”
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Genetic influences on non-syndromic cleft lip palate: The impact of BMP4, RUNX2, PAX7, and TGFB3 allelic variations by Praveen Kumar Neela, Rajeshwari B.V, Mahamad Irfanulla Khan, Shahistha Parveen Dasnadi, Gosla Srinivas Reddy, Akhter Husain, Vasavi Mohan

“…Several genes have been implicated in the etiology of cleft lip palate (CLP). Although genes such as BMP4, RUNX2, PAX7, and TGFB3 have been studied in various populations, their role in familial cases within the Indian population remains unexplored. …”
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Effect of Prehospital Epinephrine on Outcomes of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Bayesian Network Approach by Joonghee Kim, Yu Jin Kim, Sangsoo Han, Han Joo Choi, Hyungjun Moon, Giwoon Kim

“…SALS was associated with improved prehospital ROSC and neurologic recovery in noncardiac etiology.…”
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Diagnostic Management and Surgical Treatment of Isolated Tricuspid Regurgitation by Arthur Cicupira Rodrigues de Assis, Gustavo Andre Boeing Boros, Lea Maria Macruz Ferreira Demarchi, Thiago Luis Scudeler, Paulo Cury Rezende

“…Primary tricuspid regurgitation in the absence of pulmonary hypertension and of unknown etiology is a very rare condition with scarce data about its diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. …”
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Immunomediated Encephalitis: New Diagnoses on the Neurology–Psychiatry Interface by Daniel Damiani, Aline Ribeiro de Bem

“…Initially, patients present with subacute behavioral alterations, evolving over months, being attributed to purely psychiatric mechanisms, as well as neurological symptoms that often go unnoticed by professionals who are not neurologists. The etiologies behind these diseases are represented by paraneoplastic syndromes (including occult tumors) as well as viral infections, in both cases constituting true immunological triggers with exposure of antigens that will lead to a cross-immunological response directed at healthy structures of the nervous system. …”
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Case Report: severe pulmonary hypertension in a child with micronutrient deficiency by Laure Pache-Wannaz, Cristiana Voicu, Laurence Boillat, Nicole Sekarski

“…Relatively frequent in developing countries and mostly in infants, thiamine deficiency should not be forgotten as a potential etiology in the differential diagnosis when patient dietary history is particular.…”
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Bilateral Multifocal Central Serous-Like Chorioretinopathy due to MEK Inhibition for Metastatic Cutaneous Melanoma by Scott D. Schoenberger, Stephen J. Kim

“…After resuming a lower dose of the MEK inhibitor, the findings recurred again but resolved after drug stoppage. Other etiologies were unlikely given the clinical course. …”
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Angioedema Secondary to IV Tissue Plasminogen Activator Administration for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke by Benjamin Chaucer, Dustin Whelan, Christopher Veys, Manas Upadhyaya

“…We present the case of a patient treated for ischemic stroke who developed angioedema and discuss the etiology and risk factors for this rare, but dangerous side effect. …”
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Autophagy-lysosome pathway in insulin & glucagon homeostasis by Yi Wu, Yi Wu, Yi Wu, Hui Wang, Huoyan Xu

“…In this review, we will discuss recent advances in understanding lysosome-mediated autophagy and lysosomal proteins involved in maintaining insulin and glucagon homeostasis, as well as their contributions to the etiology of diabetes.…”
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Nonsyndromic Familial Oligodontia with Multiple Dens Invaginatus: A Case Report of an Unusual Case by D. P. Vinuth, Poonam Agarwal, Gunjan Dube, S. Abhilash, Pallavi Dube

“…Many explanations—evolutionary, genetic, and environmental—have been proposed as the etiology. Simultaneous with oligodontia are often the different positional changes of the existing teeth, their morphology, size, and growth disturbances of the maxillofacial skeleton. …”
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Sarcoidosis and Its Splenic Wonder: A Rare Case of Isolated Splenic Sarcoidosis by Khushali Jhaveri, Abhay Vakil, Salim R. Surani

“…Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by presence of noncaseating granulomas in the involved organs. …”
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Engineering a halloysite nanotube-enhanced hydrogel 3D skin model for modulated inflammation and accelerated wound healing by Rui Xu, Xihong Fu, Lerong Lun, Wenjing Jiang, Xuemei Situ, Xiaobao Huang, Ying Xiong, Chun Liu, Fang Wang

“…The medicine field continues to encounter obstacles in understanding the etiology of skin inflammation and the process of skin wound repair. …”
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Parachute-Like Mitral Valve Tuberculoma: A Rare Presentation by Arslan Masood, Gul Zaman Khan, Irfan Bashir, Zubair Akram

“…Histological examination after surgical resection confirmed its tuberculous etiology.…”
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Pathogenetic aspects and modern possibilities of therapy of vulvovaginal candidiasis by Margarita R. Rakhmatulina, Elena V. Lipova, Viktoria A. Nyanenko

“…The literature review presents modern aspects of the etiology and pathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis, highlights issues of immunological resistance and the significance of polymorphic and pathological gene loci, the functioning of which leads to insufficient activation of the immune system in the disease. …”
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Castleman Disease: An Unexpected Cause of a Solitary Pleural Mass by Fiachra Moloney, Maria Twomey, John Hinchion, Michael Maher

“…Castleman disease (CD) is a rare benign lymphoproliferative disorder, the etiology of which is unclear. Clinically it may manifest as localized disease (unicentric) or disseminated disease (multicentric). …”
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Mitochondrial Disorder Aggravated by Metoprolol by Cheryl Samuels, Mary Kay Koenig, Mariana Hernandez, Aravind Yadav, Ricardo A. Mosquera

“…As the patient improved with discontinuation of medication and no alternative etiology was found for symptoms, we surmise that administration of metoprolol aggravated his mitochondrial dysfunction, thus worsening underlying chest wall weakness.…”
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Clinical Management of Malignant Glaucoma by Julie Foreman-Larkin, Peter A. Netland, Sarwat Salim

“…Intraocular pressure is usually elevated, but it may be normal in some cases. Although the exact etiology of this condition is not fully understood, several mechanisms have been proposed and it is thought to result from posterior misdirection of aqueous humor into or behind the vitreous. …”
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