Kimura Disease: A Case Report and Review of the Literature with A New Management Protocol by Mohamed Ashraf Fouda, Osama Gheith, Ayman Refaie, Mohamed El-Saeed, Adel Bakr, Ehab Wafa, Mona Abdelraheem, Mohamed Sobh

“…Kimura disease (KD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with angiolymphatic proliferation, usually affecting young men of Asian race but is rare in other races. The etiology of KD is still unknown. It is often accompanied by nephrotic syndrome. …”
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Abnormalities of Penile Curvature: Chordee and Penile Torsion by Sylvia Montag, Lane S. Palmer

“…This paper will review the current theories for the etiology of penile curvature, discuss the spectrum of severity of congenital chordee and penile torsion, and present varying surgical techniques for the correction of penile curvature in the absence of hypospadias.…”
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The Heart Block Hat-Trick: A Case of Alternating First-, Second-, and Third-Degree Heart Blocks by Nicholas Huerta, Salman Malik, Christopher Haas

“…The patient underwent an extensive workup for underlying etiologies, and results were inconclusive. A pacemaker was implanted and set for physiologic pacing via left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP). …”
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Acute Severe Calculous Cholecystitis with Multiorgan Failure Complicated by Scrub Typhus by Suman Acharya, Jayant Kumar Yadav, Nischal Khanal, Raju Bhandari, Bikal Ghimire

“…Scrub typhus is a rare etiology of acute cholecystitis. A patient presenting with the features of acute cholecystitis who does not respond to standard treatment should be screened for scrub typhus in a typhus endemic region. …”
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Macrophage Heterogeneity in Respiratory Diseases by Carian E. Boorsma, Christina Draijer, Barbro N. Melgert

“…This paper will give an overview of what macrophage phenotypes have been described, what their known functions are, what is known about their presence in the different obstructive and restrictive respiratory diseases (asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis), and how they are thought to contribute to the etiology and resolution of these diseases.…”
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Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension and Right-Sided Heart Failure at Presentation in Grave’s Disease by Swapnil Panjabrao Ganeshpure, Gaurang Nandkishor Vaidya, Vipul Gattani

“…Because of her normal left ventricular function and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, the most probable site of etiology seemed to be the pulmonary vasculature. All the common possible secondary causes of PAH were ruled out, but during the investigations, she was found to have elevated thyroid function tests compatible with the diagnosis of Grave’s disease. …”
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Seizure and Hepatosplenomegaly—Rare Manifestation of Parvovirus B-19: A Case Report and Review of the Literature by Yadav Kamlesh, Gupta Pallav, Murari Manjula, Malik Rohan

“…Parvovirus B19 is the etiologic agent of erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), a fever-rash illness occurring in childhood. …”
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Concomitant Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava and Horseshoe Kidney by Faraz Jaffer, Vijay Chandiramani

“…Isolated horseshoe kidney is still the most common of renal fusion anomalies; however etiology of coexistent PLSVC remains unknown.…”
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Churg-Strauss Síndrome. A presentation of two cases by Julio López Argüelles, Joan Omar Rojas Fuentes, Ada Sanchez Lozano

“…Churg-Strauss syndrome is a strange vasculitis that has an annual incidence between 0.5 and 6.8 per million inhabitants (in patients with asthma it ranges between 20 and 60/1000 000 per year) and a prevalence between 7 and 13 per million inhabitants. Its etiology remains unknown, although infectious causes have not been formally ruled out. …”
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Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis Causing Chronic Stridor and Delayed Speech in an 18-Month-Old Boy by Adel Alharbi, Derek Drummond, Alfredo Pinto, Valerie Kirk

“…Human papilloma virus types 6 and 11 are important in the etiology of papillomas and are most probably transmitted from mother to child during birth. …”
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Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Percarditis by René Mick Cabrera Núñez, Lázaro de la Cruz Avilés

“…This is a clinical practice guide for the treatment of acute pericarditis, defined as a syndrome caused by inflammation of the pericardium due to various etiologies. Its causal agents, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods and the management of acute pericarditis are described. …”
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Erdheim–Chester disease misdiagnosed as meningioma of the pontocerebellar angle: A case report and review of literature by Ali Riza Guvercin, Beyhan Guvercin, Emel Çakır, Uğur Yazar

“…Erdheim–Chester Disease (ECD) is a rare non-Langerhans form of systemic histiocytosis of unknown etiology with multiple organ involvement. It most commonly affects the long bones, lungs, heart, retroperitoneum, eyes, and kidneys and less commonly the brain and spinal cord. …”
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Freeman–Sheldon Syndrome: First Molecularly Confirmed Case from Sub-Saharan Africa by A. M. Ali, R. M. Mbwasi, G. Kinabo, E.-J. Kamsteeg, B. C. Hamel, M. C. J. Dekker

“…We highlight the different features present in our patient and describe the etiology of the Freeman–Sheldon phenotype and how its clinical complications can be dealt with. …”
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Chronic Lipoid Pneumonia in a 9-Year-Old Child Revealed by Recurrent Chest Pain by A. Hochart, C. Thumerelle, L. Petyt, C. Mordacq, A. Deschildre

“…Lipoid pneumonia is a disease to be reminded of in children, which can occur with original findings in terms of etiology and clinical presentation.…”
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Relationship between Postmenopausal Estrogen Deficiency and Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage by Sadaharu Tabuchi

“…SAH is the only type of stroke with a female predominance, suggesting that reproductive factors may play a significant role in the etiology. Estrogen has important effects on vascular physiology and pathophysiology of cerebral aneurysm and SAH and, thus, potential therapeutic implications. …”
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Pasteurella multocida Non-Native Joint Infection after a Dog Lick: A Case Report Describing a Complicated Two-Stage Revision and a Comprehensive Review of the Literature by Lam Philip W, Andrea V Page

“…Prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are commonly caused by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci; however, other microbial etiologies and specific risk factors are increasingly recognized. …”
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Acute Esophageal Necrosis and Low-Flow State by Ahmad Burtally, Philippe Gregoire

“…Endoscopic findings show circumferential black discolouration of the esophagus with or without exudates. The etiology of AEN is presently unknown and is assumed to be multifactorial. …”
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Uncorrectable hypoxemia due to large pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in a patient with myocardial infarction: a case report by Kang-Un Choi, Jang-Won Son

“…Persistent hypoxemia following myocardial infarction can be challenging to manage and often requires considering uncommon etiologies such as extracardiac shunts. This case report describes a 78-year-old man with persistent hypoxemia post-myocardial infarction, which was ultimately attributed to a large pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (AVM). …”
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Goldenhar Syndrome with Dextrocardia and Right Pulmonary Hypoplasia: An Unusual Association by Nagendra Chaudhary, Sandeep Shrestha, Hemant Kumar Halwai

“…Goldenhar syndrome (GS), a rare condition, occurring due to defect in development of first and second branchial arches, is characterized by a combination of various anomalies involving face, eyes, ears, vertebrae, heart, and lungs. The etiology of GS is not fully known, although various hypotheses have been proposed along with its genetic association and many other causes. …”
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Vulvar Pyogenic Granuloma in Adult Female Population: A Case Report and Review of the Literature by Nastaran Mahmoudnejad, Alireza Zadmehr, Mohammad Hamidi Madani

“…Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is an uncommon lesion of unknown etiology. It may be formed following a minor injury. …”
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