Traumatic Lung Herniation following Skateboard Fall by Dafney L. Davare, Chauniqua Kiffin, Rafael Sanchez, Seong K. Lee, Eddy H. Carrillo, Andrew A. Rosenthal

“…It has a variety of etiologies and clinical presentations, making diagnosis difficult. …”
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Complete Bilateral Gemination of Maxillary Incisors with Separate Root Canals by Lodd Mahendra, Sujatha Govindarajan, Muruganandhan Jayanandan, Shaik Mohammed Shamsudeen, Nalin Kumar, Ramasamy Madasamy

“…It is considered multifactorial in etiology, with genetic and environmental causes. This paper discusses a rare example of bilateral gemination (prevalence 0.04%) of maxillary central incisors with completely separated roots. …”
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Exsanguinated to death by a perforated duodenal ulcer: Masquerader apprehended on autopsy by Priyanka Mishra, Nidhin Rehman, Suvradeep Mitra, Manoj G. Madakshira

“…On laparotomy, approximately 60%–70% perforations are duodenal and 15%–20% gastric. The most prevalent etiology are Helicobacter pylori infection in 65%–70% and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) abuse in 30%–50% cases depending on the prevalence of H. pylori infection. …”
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Successful Treatment of Recurrent Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Oral Vancomycin by Yinka K. Davies, Cynthia J. Tsay, Dario V. Caccamo, Kathleen M. Cox, Ricardo O. Castillo, Kenneth L. Cox

“…Due to limited understanding of the etiology and mechanism of PSC, the only existing treatment option is orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT); however, recurrence of PSC, after OLT is estimated to be between 5% and 35%. …”
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Eosinophilic Pleural Effusion: A Rare Complication of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy by Maral Mokhtari, Perikala Vijayananda Kumar, Mohammad-Ali Ghayumi

“…Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy should be regarded as an etiology of unexplained eosinophilic pleural effusion after this procedure.…”
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Wegener's Granulomatosis: A Rare Cause of Hydronephrosis by Julien Lillaz, Stéphane Bernardini, Marie-Paule Algros, Hugues Bittard, François Kleinclauss

“…A urinary diversion was thus performed using a double J endoureteral stent. The etiologic assessment of the hydronephrosis showed the presence of a periureteral mass that caused extrinsic ureteral compression. …”
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Nanoparticle-Based Therapies for Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Neurotrauma, and Stroke by Grace Hey, Ilyas Mehkri, Yusuf Mehkri, Hasan Maqbool, Mubariz Tahirkheli, Samuel Woodford, Brandon Lucke-Wold

“…Neurotrauma, stroke, and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are symptomatically diverse and etiologically complex central nervous system pathologies. …”
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Fifteen Percent Thermal Burn Injury Developing Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome by Rupak Chatterjee, Debanjan Mandal, Arnab Mondal, Rupnarayan Bhattacharya, Shatavisa Mukherjee

“…Although many medical and surgical illnesses are implicated for development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), few diseases contribute predominantly as etiology. Pneumonia and sepsis are the most common causes followed in incidence by aspiration of gastric contents, trauma, multiple transfusions, and drug overdose. …”
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Nosological aspects of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly at pediatric age by M. M. Kotovich, F. K. Manerov, E. V. Luchsheva

“…Frequency of hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly of unspecified etiology was analyzed with correlation to outpatient clinic admission rate and results of routine inspections. …”
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Transient Global Amnesia as the Sole Presentation of an Acute Stroke in the Left Cingulate Gyrus by Lawrence Chau, Antonio Liu

“…Symptoms quickly resolved, and she was discharged home in stable condition. While the etiology of TGA remains controversial, in discussing this case and the current literature we hope to provide further data supporting the possibility of an underlying ischemic process, as well as help better illustrate the neurologic structures involved.…”
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New Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis may Rise from the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway and Antinociceptive Pathway by Xiao Hua Pan, Jianxin Zhang, Xiaowei Yu, Ling Qin, Ligeng Kang, Peng Zhang

“…Due to the complex etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), it is difficult to be completely cured at the current stage although many approaches have been applied in clinics, especially the wide application of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). …”
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Pathologic Femur Fracture in an Immunocompetent Healthy Young Adult due to Acute Osteomyelitis by Evan R. J. Goyette, Natalia Georgantzoglou, Darcy A. Kerr, Yvonne Cheung, Eric R. Henderson, Konstantinos Linos

“…When investigating for an infectious etiology in cases such as our own, considering immunodeficiency syndromes alongside the more typical causes of osteomyelitis is encouraged.…”
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Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis Presenting with Papulonodular Skin Lesions and Arthritis Mutilans by Raya Saba, Shawn G. Kwatra, Bishwas Upadhyay, Aibek E. Mirrakhimov, Farah N. Khan

“…Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis is a rare multisystem disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by erosive polyarthritis and papulonodular lesions on the skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs. …”
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Autoimmune pancreatitis – the special form of chronic pancreatitis by Ya. S. Tsimmerman

“…To present features of clinical presentation, diagnostics and treatment of special form of chronic pancreatitis – autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP).Key points. The etiology of AIP is investigated insufficiently, the role of infection (in particular, viral), antigenic damage of pancreatic ducts and acinar cells is considered. …”
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CT and MRI in the diagnosis of epilepsy: methods, findings and possibilities. Literature review by L. Kučinskas, G. Jurkevičiūtė, R. Gleiznienė

“…Neuroimaging is essential in determining the etiology of seizures. The most common neuroimaging studies are CT and MRI. …”
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Rare Type Cranial Postauricular Pilonidal Sinus: A Case Report and Brief Review of Literature by Sebahattin Destek, Vahit Onur Gul, Serkan Ahioglu

“…A pilonidal sinus is a chronic inflammatory process, the etiology of which is still not fully elucidated. It frequently presents at the sacrococcygeal region (typical) and rarely at extrasacrococcygeal (atypical) locations, including the interdigital, axillary, inguinal, and umbilical regions, as well as the neck, face, and scalp. …”
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Immunopathological Roles of Cytokines, Chemokines, Signaling Molecules, and Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Shui-Lian Yu, Woon-Pang Kuan, Chun-Kwok Wong, Edmund K. Li, Lai-Shan Tam

“…Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with unknown etiology affecting more than one million individuals each year. …”
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Falsely Elevated 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D Levels in Patients with Hypercalcemia by Moon Kyung Choi, Prapaipan Putthapiban, Patamaporn Lekprasert

“…Though it is important to collect detailed history to find clinical clues connecting to the etiology of hypercalcemia, the diagnostic workup of hypercalcemia depends heavily on laboratory analysis. …”
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“The Clock Is Ticking”: The Timely Management of a Painful Skin Rash in a Seventy-Year-Old Woman by Susan Thomas, Folashade Omole, Vijaykumar G. Patel, Michelle L. Nichols

“…Most patients have pre-existing conditions that render them susceptible to infection, although etiology is unclear. Diagnosis is primarily clinical and is often delayed because of the unfamiliarity of the condition among clinicians. …”
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Two Different Clinical Approaches with Mortality Assessment of Four Cases: Complete and Incomplete Type of Abdominal Cocoon Syndrome by Ahmet Akbas, Nadir Adnan Hacım, Hasan Dagmura, Serhat Meric, Yüksel Altınel, Ali Solmaz

“…Abdominal cocoon syndrome (ACS), also called sclerosing encapsulated peritonitis, is a condition characterized by encapsulation of all or some of small bowel loops by a thick fibrous membrane. Etiologic cause is not fully known. It is among the rare causes of intestinal obstruction in adults. …”
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